Nicholas Welch Crookston Grazing Permits, 1890-1924
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Grazing permits; Bear River Range (Utah-Idaho);
Nicholas Welch Crookston Grazing Permits from 1914 to 1925 for grazing cattle (and a few horses) in Logan Canyon, Cache National Forest, Utah. Also includes notification of the Desert-Land Act requirements from 1905 to Nicolas W. Crookston, an application of purchase of state land from 1898 and an agreement of land relinquishment of 1901, plus a circa 1889 filing of location of stone lands by N.W. Crookston.
Crookston, Nicholas Welch, 1857-1932;
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Crookston family papers, Coll MSS 71 Box 2, Fd. 13
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Crookston family papers, 1857-1976, MSS 071
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Logan Canyon (Utah); Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; United States;
History of Millville (Settlement of Mendon, Cache County)
Mendon (Utah)--History;
History of the settlement of Millville, Cache County, Utah. Includes interesting story of bear attack.
McCulloch, Anna
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Manuscript Collection, COLL MSS 46, Bx. 4, Fd. 138
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Joel E. Ricks Cache Valley history collection, 1847-1955;
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/633 SCAMSS0046Bx004Fd138.pdf
Utah; United States; Mendon (Utah); Cache County (Utah);
20th century; 1950-1959;
The Rise and fall of the Logan Co-operative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872 by Leonard J. Arrington
Rise and fall of the Logan Cooperative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872
Logan Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Logan, Utah)--History; Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution--History; Cooperative societies--Utah--Logan; Mormon Church--Utah--Logan--History; Logan (Utah)--History;
The Rise and fall of the Logan Co-operative Mercantile Institution, 1869-1872, a history of the cooperative association in Logan, Utah, written by Leonard J. Arrington, for the Cache Valley Chapter of the Utah State Historical Society.
Arrington, Leonard J.
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Cache Valley Historical Society records, Coll MSS 43 Box 1, Book 3
Cache Valley Historical Society records, 1951-1962, COLL MSS 043
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Logan (Utah); Cache County (Utah); Utah; United States;
Cache Valley before the settlements : a talk given by M. R. Hovey before the Cache Valley Chapter, Utah State Historical Society, Logan, Utah, Wednesday evening, April 28, 1954
Early explorations and activities in Cache Valley before the settlements.
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Cache Valley before the settlements : a talk given by M. R. Hovey before the Cache Valley Chapter, Utah State Historical Society, Logan, Utah, Wednesday evening, April 28, 1954. Gives a history of the fur trade in the United States in general from 1670 to the 1840s, as well as the fur trading companies and fur traders, taking particular note of fur traders in Cache Valley from 1825 to 1914.
Hovey, M. R. (Merlin R.);
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Manuscript Collections, Cache Valley Historical Society records, COLL MSS 43, Box 1, Book 4
Cache Valley Historical Society records, 1951-1962;
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Cache Valley (Utah and Idaho); West (U.S.); Utah; Idaho; United States;
Report of the State Fish and Game Commissioner, 1903-1904
Utah--Fish and Game Commissioner--Periodicals; Fisheries--Utah ; Game and game-birds--Utah;
Fifth Biennial Report of the State Fish and Game Commissioner, describing the decrease of fish and game in Utah
Sharpe, John;
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection, 979.2 Ut1p 1903-1904
Deseret News;
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection
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Utah; United States;
20th century; 1900-1909;
Report of the State Fish and Game Commissioner, 1899-1900
Third Biennial Report of the State Fish and Game Commissioner, describing the decrease of fish and game in Utah
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection, 979.2 Ut1p 1899-1900
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19th century; 20th century; 1890-1899; 1900-1909;
Report of the State Fish and Game Warden, 1897-1898
Report of the State Fish and Game Warden, describing the decrease of fish and game in Utah
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection, 979.2 Ut1p 1897-1898
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/830 SCA979p2-Ut1p-1897-1898.pdf
19th century; 1890-1899;
Report of the State Fish and Game Commissioner, 1901-1902
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection, 979.2 Ut1p 1901-1902
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History of the Cache National Forest / prepared by Supervisor's Office, Dec. 1940
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--History; Forest reserves--Utah--History;
History of the Cache National Forest / prepared by Supervisor's Office, Dec. 1940. This history has been prepared by the forest officers of the Cache National Forest for hte purpose of building up a train of events and conditions leading to the present Cache National Forest. We have gone into the early history of Utah in some of our references to give the foundation of this history and some of the first roots intor hte growth of the communities and settlements surrounding the forest. As near as was practical we have followed the outline for histories of National Forests in Region 4 as prepared by the Regioanl office in Ogden, Utah. Includes settlement history from roughly mid-19th century to 1900s, grazing, timber use, and creation of the national forest, and excerpts from reports regarding the state of the watershed, timber, wildlife, and grazing in the forest. The copy used for digization has been marked up with handwritten edits and corrections.
This history has been prepared by the forest officers of the Cache National Forest for hte purpose of building up a train of events and conditions leading to the present Cache National Forest. We have gone into the early history of Utah in some of our references to give the foundation of this history and some of the first roots intor hte growth of the communities and settlements surrounding the forest. As near as was practical we have followed the outline for histories of National Forests in Region 4 as prepared by the Regioanl office in Ogden, Utah.
HISTORY OF THE: CACHE NATIONAL FOREST Pepared by Supervisor's Office Dec. 1940 H I S T O R Y OF T E E C-..ACHE N A T I O N A L F O R E S T This history has been prepared by the f o r e s t o f f i c e r s of the Cache National E'orest for the purpose of building up a t r a i n of events and conditions leading t o the present Cache National Forest, We have gone i n t o the early history of Utah in some of our references i n order t o give t o the foundation of t h i s history some of the f i r s t roots into the growth of the 6omrnunities and settlements surrounding the Forest. As ne8.r as was practical i n working out the individual history of t h i s f o r e s t , we have followed t h e o u t l i n e f o r h i s t o r i e s of National Eorests i n Region Four as prepared by the Regional o f f i c e i n Ogden, Utuh. "The need for such a compilation of h i s t o r i c a l data is quite obvious," Vie have on meny occasions suffered from the leek of r e l i a b l e and complete information for each f o r e s t which the present h i s t o r i c a l project would attempt to provide. As the years Dass, f o r e s t o f f i c e r s are seperated from the Service by retirement and dee.th, or records are l o s t or destroyed. K i t h the passing of time it will become i n c r e ~ s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t to compile r :7 ,' records from the past yeus." The above statement was made i n i"? '" .' I ( . * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ oXf A~pr i-l 2l 3,. 1e940t , tande trhu s we see t h e ' purpose of such a history as is prepared here i n the History of the Cache National Forest. IN THE EARLY DAYS History of the arec prior to the establishment of the f o r e s t reserve or nstionul f o r e s t takes in a wide range of events . scattered over much of northern Utah and southern Idaho. Bf course being in the early days a f t e r Brigham Young enter-ed S a l t Lake Val ley, Cache ,':M&lud, Cfgden,a nd Ba$dolph%Va Llies and surrounding comxunities were nearly a l l s e t t l e d by ~ormons,arr& t-h e i r- - H'CI~TV~ There were however, the Eonneville bxpedition i n 1632-, %he Stansbury Expedition of 1849-50 which were not made for the bene-f i t of religion. The Bonneville Expedition headed by E. L. g. Bonneville sent out Joseph vhlker @%& with t h i r t y - s i x men, amow to trap on the strea-ns felling into Great Srlt Lake. Captain Stunsbury conducted h i s expedition t o locate a new / t h e region and a l so t o d emo n s t r ~ t et h e e n t i r e p r e c t i c a b i l i t y of , , , . I isr. $4 obteining an excellent p q o n road from Fort Hall to thc Mormon a r Settlement a t Salt Lake City. (See excerpts from stansburyfs q - report, included within t h i s report.) 1 \ &-/' ' .' " I * The t ? S e -t o Oregon and Ca l i forni a i n 1841 c m e to-gether by the usual route up 'hater, and through the jouth ;; -9 B-- /I-Soda ~ ~ r i n ~ s , k h+o s e d regon 4 the P l u t t e Wiver aldng the Sweet b Pass t o Beer River Valley. When nem pI, ti, T:? . wont n o r t h t o Fo r t Ea l l , h h i l e -thme +d 1 /* liivcr. southward u n t i l wiFhin ten , 4 & . .> /,& * [ ,;.,, tdk c / 2 f" * miles of Great Salt Lake when they turned toward the 43gtkn Kiver. i. . ' Early trappers were probably some of the first white men to make cay stay i n this v i c i n i t y of longer than t o rest up or tEke on suppl ies . Then 4o nnons began t o s e t t l e i n Ogden, Ogden Valley, Huntsville, I~lalaS Valley (Malude i n early days), Cache Valley and * other places with no p a r t i c u l a r object i n view except t o r a i s e . t h e i r stock and get along on what they could raise and procure from the woods. The greater portion of the early m a l l settlements and communities were s e t t l e d i n the y e u s 1859 to 65' %bus meaning f that many people began t o venture into the pioneering of the area cur round in^ the Cache while Stansbury wes making h i s Ex-pedition end soon the&r.fter. (See derivation of iqames and s e t t l t n g of northern Utuh which folloTt;s i n t h i s report). In years previous t o this time, there was but one settlement in Bache V:.lley, t h a t of belksville, In view of the f a c t that much'good information is contained i n a portion of Stansbury's report of his expedition, a s h b r t part of t h e r e p o r t is qubated verbaturn as follows: "The rsnge which here sinks quite suddenly, for a short distance t o the south of the canon or gatethrough which the river has forced its passage, (Ne believe he was speaking of the Cutler Canyon and bear fiiver) eonsists of low, rounded h i l l s , which pre-sent no &race of rock on the surface." If we take a look a t t h i s section now-a-days and see the rocks on the surface, t h i s would lead one t o believe that much erosion has taken place since $tansbury came through here. f f f-7 " The -v&l.e;yX of the Malsde is extremely level, free from under- I brush, with very l i t t l e artemisia, and affords grouM for an excellent wagon road, Viater to-day was found i n quantities s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e animals, at points conveniently d i s t r i b u t e d , and grass was abundant. Encamped i i b on the l e f t bank of the Malad, here s i x f e e t wide and two feet deep." *! t" t X $ He v~ent on t o the devide between the Jdalnd and Portncuf d r ~ i n - la %t f age and going down into the Port h t f drainage he said, "On descend- 2 . ., ,.A"' /jk &$> [ g , , 44: ing,,.d viding ridge i n whichJ'V heads, the rocks were hidden by a black, r i c h s o i l The Port Neuf, where we forded it, is a f i n e , clear, bold stream one hundred yards wide end 3 f e e t deep!' Mr. Stansbury went on up to Fort H a l l and then returned. The following was taken from h i s report of h i s return and we believe it has an important place in the history of the Cache Forest. "Following the same route which I had taken when coming up 1 * f a I ' we a r r ived a t B e ~ rg iver on t h e evening of 1 * the 11th of October and I , l' 'i < a * encamped. The exaxination of Cache Valley occupied several days , I I r > "I r,f ( ,Ib s l 5 J40ssinz over the range of low, rounded h i l l s through which Bear 'J * , ,< ' * I f b :. J i" A * Iiiver h: s cut a pmsage, we entered t h i s beautiful and picturesque :' . ,. i ' I' ,, E valley, which was then covered with 8 profusion of r i c h green grass, 3 , ~ n dad orned and d i v e r s i f i e d by numerous cluplps of willows, Our a t - tempt to cross it d i r e c t l y was frustrated by meeting with a deep quiet stream, called the aiuddy, which r i s e s i n the h i l l s dividing 6H the southern end of t h e v a l l e y from Ogden's hole, and winds through the t a l l grass without banks, u n t i l it discharges i t s waters into Bear Kiver, just before that stream enters the valley of the Salt Lake, Vie were i n consequence driven some eight miles to t h e south, and effected our crossing where the valley is f u l l of swE,mpy springs affording abundance of good sweet wEtexS, and excellent grass. Spec-kled trout of large size abounded i n the stream. After crossing the Muddy, we s k i r t e d t h e eastern side of the valley for thirty-five miles i n a northerly d i r e c t i o n , crossing successively Blacksmith's Fork, Logan's Fork, High Fork, -, and Rush Creek, a l l t r i b u t a r i e s of t h e Bear flivcr, which l a t t e r stream traverses the valley from the n o r t h , u n t i l i t breaks t h r o u ~ ht h e r a g e running t o t h e nor th m d con-s t i t u t i n g the eastern l i m i t of t h e v a l l e y , whjch hEs m cverage width of about ten miles, The ns which they form before leaving the :. mountains abound i n timber, consisting principally of cotton-wood, with some rnmle, They nf'ford desirable f a c i l i t i e s f o r i r r i g e t i o n , prezenting a t the same time udvuntageous s i t e s f o r the erection of ni11s. These ravines abound in f i n e timber in q u a n t i t i e s s u f f i c i e n t for fuel and building purposes. As the object of the reconnaissance was p r i n c i p ~ i l l y to ascer-t a i n what were the c a p a b i l i t i e s of t h i s valley to afford sustenance for a m i l i t a r y post if established i n its v i c i n i t y , the examination was a general one, and w ~ nsot di r e c t ed t o the s e l e c t i o n of m y part t i c u l o r portion of it f o r such a purpose. A t the time the reconnois-smce WEIS made, a l l the information t h a t could be obtained from the oldest mountain-men, induced both Colonel Porter and myself to be-l i e v e t h a t it was one of the most e l i g i b l e spots i n the whole country for wintering stock, It had been a rendezvous f o r the American Fur Compny for mny yews, and stock had been wintered there by them with great advantage, The snow was seldom deep, and the c c t t l e not only retained t h e i r flesh, but grew f a t during the winter. So r l a t t e r i n g were the appearances, and so g r e : t the advantages offered by this lovely valley, that nearly the whole number of c a t t l e and mules be-bonging t o the cantonment were, upon the return of Colonel Poter to that post, driven down here under the care of a proper guard, to be wintered, The season, however, proved unusually severe; the snow fell i n the valley t o a depth unprecedented; and more than one-half of' the herd, in which were included some of my own animals, perished i n consequence, The f a c t of the l i a b i l i t y of t h e valley t o a sim-i l a r occurrence in Puture.wi3J doubtless have its due influence i n f i n e l l y deciding upon its e l i $ i b i l i t y as t h e b e s t s i t e for a post i n the v i c i n i t y of Salt Lake. The sogl of the valley i s very rich, being principally alluvi-a l , with a great &a1 of vegetable mould. F a c i l i t i e s for irrigation are very grer:t, and water could be commanded t o a large extent for farming purposes, h y blrrpount of hay might be cut without i n the least interfering with the range f o r c a t t l e . The only objection t o t h i s , as a most desireable spot for settlement, i s the danger from snow; . and even t h i s might be in a great degree obviated, by the erection c of suitable sheds for protection of t h e stock during the more severe portions of the seasons. These seldom last beyond a few weeks, Should the road to which I have already adverted be established from Fort Bridger, through the vtllley of Blacksmith's Fork, it would a t once a t t r a c t to it the trove1 t o Oregon and California; a fact wBich would have its due weight i n the selection of a s i t e f o r a military post f o r t h e protection of t h i s pert of the country. The advance of the season precluded the msking of much geolog-i c a l examination beyond the immediate v i c i n i t y of the route travelled which led through the valley a t the base of the ranges. The only rocks met with were those composing the lower h i l l s , which consisted princi-pally of conglomePates overlEying some argillmeous sandstones ~ n d beds of white and red clby. The conglomerates on the lower h i l l s were fomed principally of dark limestones much worn. On the higher benches, I large boulders of ieldspar were found. J i l b i t e and serpentine also I occurred, and metamorphic sandstones, some of which were very beauti-fulkg~ veined, as if the s t r a t a had been disturbed before they had har-d en od . Returning t o the southern end of the v ~ l l e y , we again struck the Muddy, and followed it up t o where it forks, amid the h i l l s form-ing the divide from Bgden's Hole. The eastern fork makes an irnpase-able canyon but we followed up the west fork about four miles whence we crossed the Wahsatch range, and descended into a b e n u t i f u l , , l e v e l , c i r c u l a r valley, about a mile i n diameter, hemed i n by an amphitheatre of l o f t y and steep mountains. Several fine aprings head in this singu-l a r l i t t l e hollow, which uniting and emerging on the south-west side, fom t h e h e ~ do f Boxeldes Creek, a t r i b u t a r y of the S a l t Lake, The : 1 . * f L .:gc pass or gorge through which this l i t t l e stream rushes down the noune ; tl , 1 ?. t a i n t o t h plains below i s steep rugged, and very narrow, being i n 4 - " " \ places scarcely passable for mules. I had hoped it would afford a passage over the range for wagons but t h i s I soon ticable. Descending t h i s wild pass for about two Lm+;-" 2 / L 1: the lake valley, and pepa4-P-ed t o our cmp on Bear found to be irnprac-miles, we reached River. ' I n crossing the hahsatch range a t t h i s point, the lower h i l l s on the eastern side were composed of broken conglomerate, Large boulders of serpentine were met with on the surface, tnd also altered sandstones mdlimestones. Ascending from Cache Valley the dtirk lime-stones were found cropping out, but the surface was so comnletely cov- -e--r-e-- d -wi t h vegetable s o i l t h a t no s e c t i o n could be obtained. The lime- --," . N stones seemed t o form the sur.runits of the highest elemtion of the rage, but as we passed through the deep gorge of Box-elder Creek, whis could not be positively ascertained. No t r a p was observed, but large bould-ders of granite were seen i n the sides of the pass. The rocks. had been so much worn, and the surface was so covered by f a l l e n messes, that no section of the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n was visible." Peopls in the Bear River Vdlley (Randolph, Vioodruff , Laketown) we3r.e cut off from the people in k c h e h l l e without traveling to -2 Soda Springs or south and coning through tueber Canyon, u n t i l about 1872, vrhen the f i r s t white men made t h e i r way through Logqcanybn from Bear Lake t o Cache Valley. P a r t ' o f t h e company l o s t t h e i r way . and came out at Srnithfield t h e o t h e r s came out a t Logan. Other i n t e r e s t i n g travel and history of the Early days i n and n e a the Cache Forest area, can be found i n reading the i e s of men such as: Peter Skien Ogden, Lorin Seth Langton and fiobert and John Thornley of 8 ahong with many others, In the Biography of M r C". s e t t l e r s o f Logan, R--*"*FLk"----" we find many i n t e r e s t i n g tales. 4P The experience of a young man, since prosperous and prorniqfent, i n h i s e f f o r t s t o secure a peir of shoes may not be uninteresting bb showing past conditions. Eaving f a i l e d t o find, a t any price, a pair of shoes i n the growing and then considerable town of Logan, our friend after much e f f o r t , f i n a l l y ma&'trade f o r a dogskin f r e s h l y taken /Tt"." w from the body of' a large fiewfoundland. That valuable a r t i c l e consign-ed t o the cure of the tanner with an urgent request f o r a speedy tan. 4 kt the end of' three months the skin was ready f o r the kn4fe of the shoe-maker who was unable to make the shoes because he had n e i t h e r s o l e l e a t h e r pegs or thread. These d i f f i c u l t i e s being f i n a l l y overcome by our deter-mined and persistent friend who, finding i n the possession of one a piece of old California saddle machiera, i n thcttof another an ox-bow, and i n t h a t of a t h i r d a b s l l of shoe-thread, secured them and, after a delay of nearly four months, encased his cracked and sunburnd f e e t in shoes as s o f t a s s i l k , e l a s t i c as rubber and, when wet, as expansive as buckskin. The boy was very proud of his first shoes. Another i n t e r e s t i n g experience by one of the early s e t t l e r s when but a boy, v:as t h a t of tending his fathers small flock of sheep. He would take his lunch out with him t o his daily work and vlhile he was tending t h.e sheep t h e indi ans would come and k i l l lambs and for c e the boy t o give them h i s corn cake lunches for t h e i r cricket pies. It was not uncomon f o r the older or mature men t o take a wagon and tern with a load of grain 90 miles t o Salt Lake City and trade it for a small bpundle of almost unssl4able merchandise. R. A. Perks of Hyde Park i;o'ld th8.t the f i r s t ' time he rode p&" ,i $sh into Eagan Basin in 1897 %hby were logging there. Also that a t one time, about 1900, 7 mills were operating from 62ring to Fall and sawing about 6e ach. He s a i d t h a t i t w ~ ses t imated .';. ''.A that 3 million feet of white pine had been teken out of Vihite Pine Canyon and logging proceeded f o r 2 years after t h a t , taking out + probably another mil.lion f e e t . Mr. Perks s t a t e d t h a t a large f i r e burned in. Corral Hollow and v i c i n i t y i n 1901 end that loggers i n 8hum.p Hollow started a brush f i r e that burned a l l Summer up through Bearer and north into Idaho. In 1903 a rather large f i r e burned up through Bony Grove Creek and Cottonwood. J. W. Perks of Hyde Park said that he ran Cattle i n Logan Can, for five years between 1895 and 1900, then he operated between 5 and 6 thousand sheep u n t i l the Forest was set up. He said that some o u t f i t s had 25,000 h e ~ dof sheep and they would t r a i l i n t o Idaho i n the Fall each year. Idaho a t that time inspected a l l sheep before they entered and many times they were held up a t the s t a t e liQg for 4 or 5 days waiting f o r inspection. Early S g t t l b r s and Their Friends Enjoy Telling Their Own Story During, the past swnmer months, we have gaghered through the e f f o r t s of the f o r e s t o f f i c e r s on the Cache various information from mcny individuals still l i v i n g i n t h i s v i c i n i t y who were e i t h e r here i n the early days or who's purents were here then. N i l l i a m Evans, who cane to t h i s country from vlules, worked I in .,.' Logan C~nyon fro3 1883 t o 1890, str.ted t h a t he and many other young men made t h e i r living by hauling logs to the m i l l s and lumber and wood to town. It was quite an up h i l l business as the roads were so bad and they were charged a t o l l by companies who were sup-posed t o have permi$sion t o build ro'ads. Toll of 85 cents was charged a t & differenct gates located as follows: Mouth of Logan Canyon, st Card Canyon, Preston V&l.ley, and just below Temgle Fork, These were l a t e r abandoned. Gottlieb h i t h claims that Michakl J. hdrews, deceased, told him that he could remember when most of the area i n Logan Canyon above Temple Fork was solid coniferous timber. Ih-. Smith a l s o s t a t e d that he used t o log i n Logan Canyon before the t u m of the century and t h a t over a per iod of about 10- y a r s t h e r e were m i l l s o p e r ~ l t i n gi n the following places: stock's iWl at Bearer Landing, Cole's Mill a t Vvillow Springs, Csothers Bros. a t the mouth of Nhite Pine Creek, Jim Hoggest M i l l i n Steam M i l l , ~ n dPe ter son Hollow, U. 0. Lunber Co. at Boss Canyon and a t Canteen Spring i n the Sinks, John Montrose in Blind I-lollow and Beaver, L. D. S. Church M i l l in Temple Fork, Brig-hm City i d i l l in Cowley Canyon, and Beirdnesu's I d J i l l in Light Fork. I n s e r t in cache history with write-up on Preston d i s t r i c t . M r , hlmer S, Merrill has been very cooperative wibh us i n submitting the following date about the early s e t t l i n g of the country near and including Mink Creek Idaho and Franklin,Idaho. ------- -... .- The first s e t t l e r of impleton was Joseph Pe rkins , who moved from Frank- . . -- ' ,. 1 i n , *&iho, i n d 7 6 and b u i l t a home about Ohere Henry Bennett is now located. Others t h a t came i n were Harrison A, Thomas of Smithfield, Utah, Orrin J. Merrill, i&rk Porter, Abraham Foster, George G i l b s , Loric Corbin, James Sweet, Owen Roberts, Samenia Taylor, iiathan iiawkes, Dave Davis, Calvin Wheeler, irrchihnld, Stephenson, Edward h'hittle, Benry Day, Christisn h f f e r , Fred Nuffer, George Kent, sr., Genrge Kent, Jr,, J. I. Naef, and Samuel A. Merrill. When the f i r s t s e t t l e r s arrived i n t h i s . area, they neticed a w e l l beaten t r a i l along Cub hiver up through the canyon, t h i s was the old Indiah t r e i l where bmds of them journeyed from the Liuffalo hunting grounds i n Wyominp, also made frequent t r i p s to Franklin and p a r t s of Cache Valley, , 1877, Harrison A, Thomas took a company of men up Cub River where)'% e ranger s t a t i o n was located. They used broad axes t o cut r a i l - road t i e s horn t h e t i ~ b e ri n t h e pine @;roves. These t i e s were f loa t ed down Cub River into Bear liiver and t o Corinne, Utah. Idany of the t i e s were hauled by teems and oxen. /#f'/$)ld/d,#r(/Z~~ Leter in the year a sawmill was b u i l t on the s i t e l a t e r used for the Cub hiver ranger station, About f i f t y men were employed a t t h i s sawmill and thousands of t i e s wereK sawed and floated dovm t h e r i v e r , The early s e t t l e r s b u i l t ditches from 8ub hWer t o t h e i r homes f o r i r r i g a t i o n d and domestic use, The feed on the range was plelhtiful @or the livestock and the sett&ers cut lnuch wild hay for winter use, About the year 1881 a branch of Frsnk1in.hx-l was organized i n Mapleton. I n these days wild meat and f i s h as well as timber products were p l e n t i f u l , but by ruthless destnrction the people soon made t h i s p l e n t i f u l s i t u a t i o n dismpear, From 1677 to 1890 there was not much need t o r a i s e crsoDs other than for small sugplies of garden vegetables. The greater portion of food was purchased w i t k t h e money mbde f~*ornc u t t i n g wood and t aking i t t o t h e more heavily populated arehs for sake. The wagon road used to go down the rJ ver botcorn t o E'fanklin, fordiug the river i n threc p l ~ c e s . In these early days the people had t o make t h e i r own good times, by joining to-getter with t h e i r neighbors for a good #f$$ old house party which would sornetims l a s t for days, The raspecb and regard for one's neighbor was t h e t h i n g t h a t realy held the people of these early dzys to-gether in a happy community l i f e . Kap pertaining to History of Cache W?. -ha is f i l e d in Basement map f i l e , section 0-2 'Ihe tollowing information has been gathered Prom the Ogden .Eiiver D i s t r i c t ; The area of t h i s d i s t r i c t centers very l a r g e l y i n Ogden Valley around Auntsville where the f i r s t s e t t l e r s moved from Ogden i n the Fall and fi'inter of 1860 and 61. Captain Jefferson Hunt and his two sons, Joseph and Wyrum wi th t h e i r f ami l i e s moved i n a t t h i s t i n2e accompanied by Joseph and Charles Noods, Edward Rushton and Abigale Coffin, a widow, and t h e i r families. z a r l i e r i n the summer of 1860 Issaac and David ikDey went into Ogden Valley and mowed and put up a pstch of hay i n the South Fork above where the prtsent town is located. When they came back that f a l l they found the lndiuns had burned it. I n the F a l l of 1862 the Garner family moved from Ogden, One member of t h a t family, a l b e r t , age 82 of 3740 Xushington Avenue, s t s i tes t h a t i t was i n t h e l ~ t t p~a rrt of l h y when they moved and due t o the high water in Ogden Cmyon they could not go t h a t wey over the old t o l l road, meking it necessary to go over North Ogden Canyon. They l e f t by ox t e m a t 3 o'clock i n the morning, arriving i n Hunts-v i l l e considerably a f t e r dark. S. V. Grow, 2064 Ogden Avenue, with h i s f a t h e r ' s fa::ily, moved into t h e v a l l e y i n 1873. From Mr. Grow and luir. Garner considerable information has been obtained r e l a t i v e to the valley and idonte Cristo areas. TWO sons of Stephen Nye, Victor end 0. L. Nye of Ogden, also have given conriderable information regar-ding the ldonte Cristo area. In Ogden Lorin Farr was one of the outstanding s e t t l e r s and from his son John Farr of Ogden has come some information concerning Ogden Canyon. Through discussion whith the above men it has been'found that two s t o r i e s exist as to the derivation of the Name ;?donte Cristo". It appears that Levi &heeler, wishing t o get into the dense stand of timber east of ivionte Peak, constructed a road up Wheeler's Fork from beaver Creek into Dry Bre: d Hollow and thence up a steep dugway and onto ivionte Cristo about where the present road is located, The story is told of one man on the crew u7ho ~ l w a y s c t r r i e d a book in his pock& and whenever time was taken for a rest or i n the evenings and early mornings he would b!.:.come intensely interested i n his book, A t the time the duway was being constructec?, imrnedicitely under Nonte b o t h e r story which seem8 more l i k e l y t o nany people is told of Gold Miners returning from the Gold rush i n California i n the l a t e 1850's. l'hey hrtd h e a d of' a gold s t r i k e on lower Sugar Pine Creek, There are numerous old diggings i n this: section. Since the country resembles the h n t e C r i sto ~Lountains of Dorthern California the mountains were n~med for that mountain\range. This l a t t e r story was given by 0. 'A. Kennedy, 2910 Washington Avenue, who s t a t e s that again i n 1897 a man narned Pitcock made E small gold s t r i k e i n lower woodruff Creek which did not amount to anything lhter on, The origin of Dry Bread Hollow is substsntiated by several, The story goes that a t the time the rotid was being constructed over the hekd of 2kheeler Fork and the Zower part of the Monte Cristo dugway the workers r&n out of s u p ~ l i e s cnd rather then leave t h e i r work which w m about completed they lived on bread since they bed s u f f i c i e n t amount of f 1 . o ' ~t o c a r ry them through. Sugar Pine Creek originated from the spruce there i n which shingle mille were operated. The early s e t t l e r s called t h i s spruce Sugar Pine. The origin of Vuheeler Creek; Weeler Fork and Wheeler Basin came from t h e f ~ c tth a t two brothe r s , Levi and Simon &heeler both operated sawmills a t various times i n the e a r l y history of these areas. Causey Creek was named for Thomas Cbusey who operated a saw-m i l l F i r s t i n Bew Gulch znd l a t e r a t a s i t e on Piheelex. Creek where the present Boy Scout Camp Kiesel is located. Th,e story is told of Mr. and Uirs. Ckusey being routed out one night by a grizzlg bear ripping: open the tent f o r supplies which @hey had inside. They both went out the other end of the t e n t and then hiked about throe miles up the canyon t o a m i l l operated by Stephen Nye. The location of these two m i l l s was then known as Bear.Gulc8, Goodale Canyon, running north from just above the tkmn&tage of ogden Canycn was named for ivlr. Goodale who in company with Lorin Farr b u i l t the f i r s t road through Ogden Canyon i n 1859. This was the road on which a t o l l one d o l l a r per charged for pas s ing through. The rood w ~ lsa t e r bought by bbe r County f o r t112,000a nd thrown open t o t h e publ ic. Lost Creek was so named because the water would sink into the gravel bed some distance up the canyon and did not reEppear aghbn since the underground s t r a t a took the water into the bed of the heber River. S, V, Grow stated t o the &anger recently t h a t the e n t i r e ares a t the head of Beaver was a t one time t a l l grass and that he spent . severhl seasons herding more than 1200 head of c a t t l e i n that area. There wc:s very l i t t l e sage brush a t that time and the grass reached the stirups. lie s t a t e s that the deer and sage hens i n t h i s l o c a l i t y were so abundcnt that they l i t e r a l l y shot wagon loads of b o b and brought then down to s e l l . The elk were p l e n t i f u l and the coyotes unhe~rd of. It was not u n t i l the sheep men began opera%ing extensive- 1.y t h s t the coyotes and wolves entered the country. Gross and red foxes were p l e n t i f u l and wolverines 2nd marten abundant. . About the same statement regarding fange conditions were re-por ted by &?G.a rner who s t a t e d t h a t the q u a l i t y of the timber found i n t h i s region i n the early days was unsurpassed. The most outstanding d i f f i c u l t i e s of the early s e t t l e r s of t h i s region was the passage through Ogden Canyon. 'dith heavy snow-ftblls of three to five feet i n Ugden Valley, the spring runoff an-nually washed out the road m d it had to be r e b u i l t . The road fol-lowed Ogden hiver and a t one point where shanghai Creek came into Ogden Hiver a high bridge was b u i l t , h e story is told of a men by the nane of Sam B i t t l e who was coxing down the cayon w i t h his oxen; it was snowing and the ozcinn the r i g h t side was blind in h i s right eye. The oxtn became excited upon passing over t h i s bridge and both went over the side of the bridge, pulling the wagon with them into the ugj t:n '1.iver. The r i v e r was so high thbt these oxen sv~m a distance of three-querters of a mile to a point where they emerged fron the water at fuheeler's Iviill. Men from the m i l 1 headed up the road looking for I&?. B i t t l e and found h i 3 clinging onto one log of this hich bridge, not dar-ing t o l e t go and f a l l i n t o the river and not being able t o grasp back onto the bridge because it was too slippery t o get a hand hold above, This happeneci i n the early 1870's. The story was told by Mr. Garner. A story is t o l d by &. Grow t h a t the snow wzs so heavy i n i early days t h a t i n early May t h men used to shovel the snow off 7- the public square i n nuntsville i n order to play baseball, The first wagon t r a i l onto Idonte Cristo passed through South Fork, Beaver Creek and onto the ridge by the slk pond and 9ry Breird hollow, and up 8kunk Creek and over the pass into Mioodruff Park. Later Levi vlheeler b u i l t the road up Wheeler Fork following the bo bottoln of 3ry Bread h l l o w and onto the idonte dugway. The othar A roads le:.ding to the summit of h n t e Cristo passed up Magpie Can. going onto h i g h t o n Ridge and thence onto horse Hidge near vbnumenb Spring, and onto whet is now known as the piasatch Riggee One leg of t h i s road extended down 'lorse Ridge into Guildersleeve Canyon and Lost Creek, It appears that Levi Wheeler constructed the f i r s t sawnil1 i n the v i c i n i t y of Huntsville. It was an old type " f l u t t e r " m i l l and stood immediately below the mouth of bdheeler Creek in Ogden, Canyon. This was appar\.-ntly operating i n the early 1870's. A t that tirne a considerable mount of timber whs brought from Itheeler's Basin t o that hill, This m i l l was'washcd out and not re-established. It probably wo.uld not appeal strongly t o the present genera-tion as a good method in which t o make a living, but about 1861 Thomas Bingham put up a hand-driven shingle m i l l on the North Fork just west of where the county road now crosses that s t r e c m between Xden and Liberty. It was operated there f o r some time and'ffhen was moved over t h e Basin. About t h i s time ------ Ferrin put ug the first power driven stw m i l l ne:r the place where the shingle m i l l ). had stood. he owned ind operated the f i r s t " g r i s t " m i l l (and probably the only one) on the old hitPa'son place just north of town. The m i l l with i t s pen stock and race, a l l harboring a luxuriant growth of moss, remained for years after t h e i r labors had ceased, as a s o r t of monument t o t h t enterprise of' earlier days. &team m i l l s then came into being and wheeler then took his m i l l i n t o SR viheeler Creek on Monte Cristo. In the l a t e 1870's !lQhviduEccles operated a s a v n i l l a t the head of Sugar Pine @ In 1081, 2 tad 3, Stephen and bphriam Nye ran Bingham's shingle m i l l and Binghm moved to the head of Bear Gulch. 0. L. Nye t e l l s t h e s t o r y that the Indians from tho Bear Lake Valley used t o cone into t h e ~ ~ ~ o n t e C r i asrteoE t o hunt and i t was mandatory that the sawmill men furnish meaBs for f i f t e e n Indians once a week. Barney White, who had a sawmill just north of Skunk Creek didn't take kindly t o t h i s hotel business and as a r e s u l t the Indi-ans were blamed for a large f i r e which spread through the Skunk C r . and Blake Hollow a r e i ~ si n the e a r l y 1880's. Mr. Nye remembers one Indian Chief coming for dinner with a band of braves and it was necessary t o accommodate them. This Indian Chief was evidently very religious and blessed the food for about ten minutes a t one table and then moved t o the other table and proceeded to do the saqe. A l l t h i s was done i n h i s native tongue ~ n dth e highly f r i g h t - ened Nye boys did not enjoy the long proceedure very much. . Other m i l l s in the l o c a l i t y were operated #is follows: I n 18- a steam m i l l was i n s t a l l e d by Thmas Yeaman just below Wheeler Creek i n Ugden Canyon. It was l a t e r operated by Simon vvheeler who also had a m i l l i n Ogden Canyon a l i t t l e l a t e r .than t h i s , above where the Herinitage now stands. Captain S i l v i a and Lewis J. Holther oper-ated a m i l l i n %heeler Creek on Monte i n the 1880's and 90's. Sil-via Iiollow gets its name from t h i s man. John Trocutt had a m i l l i n . Dry Bread 8ollow i n 1893. William Moyes operated a m i l l in what is now Burnt Fork on South Fork. John Gibson operated tl m i l l on Dairy Ridge i n 1893. Viillim kilson had a small m i l l in operation i n Ogden Canyon between t h e mouths of vvarmrl and Cold Water Canyons. 'Lhis was about 1885 and apparently t h i s m i l l cut a l l of the timber which h&s been removed fro.:^ the head of %arm vbater and Cold Water Canyons just below Ogden Peak. Mr. Grow s t a t e s that even with the horses which they had in those days that three sixteen hour days were required to go to %heeler Creek on ldonte Cristo and return6with a load of lumber and that 1200 f e e t of lumber was a big load. $18.00 per M. was a good price for first quality lumber, liorsea were used t o haul the lumber From t h e hills but oxen. were used i n t h e logging camps due t o t h e i r i strength and manuverat@L&ty about and over the logs. About the only mining a c t i v i t y conducted i n the early days were the old diggings for gold i n lower Sugar Pine and woodruff Creeks. These were l a t e r given up although several men went broke i n prospecting them. A small industry which was quite important i n the early days was the lime kiln operation. The f i r s t kiln was b u i l t just on the west of the mouth 01' vihceler Cmyon i n 1865, by James M. Thomas. Later on it was moved t o the mouth of cold water Canyon where it was operated by Lorin Farr and his family for a number of years. About k885 there was also a small powder m i l l i n operation just opposite the lime kians near 601d Water. black powder was manufactured i n this location but the operations were l a t e r discontinued. Charles Grow i n 1861 l a i d out the f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n ditch "The Town Ditch" i n Iiuntsville. The instruments he used were not expensive or adapted t o vevg technical work, but they served the purpose. They were two s t i c k s , a, square and a plumb. The ditch did not run its present length a t 'first, but was extended as de- Perhaps very few of the present population of the valley know thzt a tannery once thrived here. But such is the case. A man by the name of Fairbress manufactured leather i n a l i t t l e plant b u i l t on the spring i n the South Lane, where Nrs. Anderson now Plives. I n general t h e h i s t o r y of the early settlements in and near /- a l l the d i s t r i c t s of t h e Cache run about t h e same, m n this ,-, Reynolds a Forest Assistant in 1909 made a report as to what had i taken place i n t h e years previous to t h e e s t a b l i s k ~ e n to f the 1. ed at the head of Curtis Creek, Neponset & Deserel Live Stock Com-panies i n the Curtis Creek area hold small areas on wate~ believed For the purpose of controling many acres of grazing," This condi-tion has probably been going on f o r many yeers. "There have been two or three srnall stlwrnills operating i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Bu r t i s Greek yeers ~ $ 0 ,bu t these have moved out." Next in order of discussion is ^the Paris D i s t r i c t eerP.rL. 4 'killian b. noge, located in Paria and a member of the Cache For e s t o r g a n i z a t i o : ~r e c a l l e d wel l t h e e t r l y resehtment of t h e people of t h i s valley towards the 'tfieserves". This was i n 1906 and it seems that the feeling centered about the payment of fees for the use of the rmge by livestock and the payment required for timber taken from tht! Forest. Mr. Hoge still resides i n P a r i s , Idaho. He s t a t e s there were no p a r t i c u l a r incidents of excitement or adventure t o mark the period of time he was connected with the Forest hervice. Early f i r e s on the area of t h i s d i s t r i c t were numerous attested / by the mmy areas of immature stands of timber of .apparently f i r e origin. k Mr. Price whose father wcs one(:of the chief timber oper-qtors of this v i c i n i t y between 1880 and 1900 told me t h a t in the early 1880's f i r e s bdned nearly continuously all smqer in Paris Canyon. Lvidence on the ground indicate this must hove con~med 2/3 of a l l t h e s tanding timber i n t h i s area. Then i n 1905 o r a f u y~ea rs e a r l i e r another t e r r i f i c f i r e occurred that bured over an area adja-cent to the earlier f i r e bu* came with such suddenness t h z t it de-stroyed large fuel and log supplies cut and piled f o r winter haul-ing. Thi s f i r e destroyed a sawmill. '21 : ::+.' $,: ,).~r Tvhile no one man contacted seemed t o r e c a l l s p e c i f i c4 f a c t s regarding the ecrly use of the range by livestock the foll.owing se$ms t o be a f a i r l y r e l i a b l e account of what actually took place4 'Irilliam fieney Jones a native of Whles s e t t l e d i n iialiid Valley with his parents i n 1878. There was quite a settlement i n &dad velley then and farsling, was just beginning t o get a good s t a r t , while i r r i g a t i o n w s just i n the experimental stuge. ltative grasses su-qlied winter feed f o r the : cattleand horses and the mules were wintered out on the range i n the . hest liills. There were quite a few c a t t l e o u t f i t s in the valley then running from 20 t o as many as 200 head of c a t t l e . Some of these $acly stockmen and companies were: wars-Cohen, Xdward %vans, LIorgan & Mor-gan, 6, S. smith, James Hones, and Bate Ireland. The early c a t t l e men ran long horned durhams end roans end the &ereferde cane i n at a l a t e r date. Mr. Jones says ha believes t h a t the wjater were more severe i n the ezrly days than at the present time and that the rain f a l l was about the same. Freight ing between Cor t inNe , Utah an!; va r ious points in Montana 4 with oxen and mule teams w : s the principal occugation for most of the laborers. There were hens ~ n dp r a i r i e chickens i n t h e country.No one 4 D r . Howard Peck of Mblad, Idaho: Born i n Sew York s t a t e in 1855 Came to Malad with h i s parents, ( I h b !drlrs. lienry peck) i n 1864. His f a t h e r was a f a i r l e y well-to-do merchant, and a convert t o the &mon f a i t h , both of which attracted him t o &lad Valley. He and J i m McJMis-ter were the f i r s t s e t t l e r s in Xmlud Valley. Henry Peck took up a homestead which i s now the business sec-tion of lwlod. Eis f i r s t dwelling consisted dr Aspen Logs, d i r t floor €nu roof. In 1866 he installed the f i r s t saw m i l l whi.ch uvtjs run by water power , The first s6.w timber was cut from new Chnyon. Logging was d ~ n ew i th ox t r a i n s dur ing wint e r months, Tom Parry was one of t h e first loggers to cut logs for t h i s m i l l . , There was a mail route established a t the t i m e the Pecks settled in i ~ l a d or soon thereafter by- I-ioutte Conner. The route went throuch t o hoss Fer ry, through I';:ulad and over Babock I h u n t c i a , k ~ e l l sF argo established 8 line into idontun& through iklad during the folloviing spring A l l the early s e t t l e ! s were Mormons and most of then just d r i f t e d into the valley with no p a r t i c u l a r object i n view, some took up small of land. From the f i r s t , oats and wheat were grown with more or less sucu. cess on dry farms. There were not may lndians in thc valley a t the time of s e t t l e - ment, Chief Pocrtello hed a can? a short distance above Idialad, Mr, .. Eich says he traded horses with the chief and wzs otherwise on friendly terms wi t h him. vj i l l iun J. uVi1,liorn of ~ ~ e l l s v i 7 l eU,t ah was interviewed and from t h i s interview the following WELS learned: Me came to Salad Vtilley 6s a boy of 8 years o l d viith his father Jenkins ~ i 1 l i m . nf rom tooe l e , Utah i n the yet r of 1870 l o c ~ t i n ga t Cherry Crbek, ni s f ~ t h e rw as looking f o r E r ; n r e country f o r r h i s ing c a t t l e . (The chttle prior t o t h i s were u s u t l l y used for work) He brought with him c a t t l e and horses and sheep. Sheep weye not allowed i n Malad valley d a t the tine and he was forced to take his smtll herd down to orf fine, Utah. The c t i t t l e brought i n were durhams,and were unknown at that t i a e i n ikalad ,Valley. The range was wonderful. a i l d hay could be cut with sythe along Maled iiiver. There were several c a t t h o u t f i t s operating in the vicini-t y of Cherry Creek, using the' valley ranges l a t e r . The h i l l s t o the west were used before tbe ranges east of the valley. Mrs. Morgan Morgan Bowered or Howell M, Mifflin, David H. Jones, Jas. T. Chivers and Daniel Tovey were c a t t l e owners operating 25 t o 75 head of c a t t l e i n the early , . * 1870's. , .I*, :A 1 i .:.+ 7 (;<?.I j.;., T t.?, + y' hr .s. I&. Nillium spent several years with freight t earns freighting into Nontuna before the railroads came in, Sheep were introduced into %lad Valley by J, N. Ireland and other men about 1880. along about 1900 larger numbers of sheep came into the valley t o lamb and returned again i n the Fell. The sheep were takicg all the feed away from the c a t t l e a f t e r a few years, C A C H E N A T I O N A L F O E E S T B E G I N S / I n 1891 Congress authorized the President to set aside ''forest reserves", ts national f o r e s t s were then called, in order to protect the remaining timber. on the public domin f r o n d e s t r u c t i o n and t o in-sure L rsgu1e.r flow of wcter i n the streams, The r u t h l e s s c u t t i n g of tirnber, burning of timber and grass and brouse lands, and too heavy grazing of sheep had made conditions that needed immediate correction. The small owners were being run out by the l a r g e r o u t f i t s cnd many troubles were arrising, Then came the Logan Forest Reserve on May 29, 1903, consisting of about 182,080 acres of land und was devided into four d i s t r i c s , From operating a barber chair f o r 35 yews t o serving as a f o r e s t supervisor would be considered e long leap for any man, but fin F. Squires of Logan, Utah msds it in one jump bcck i n 1903 when the reserve was cre-ated. For ten years from t h a t date he wes either supervisor or a s s i s t a n t ,sapervisor of the Cache with he:.dquarters a t Logan. For another 5 years he served in the Eegionsl Office a t Ogden, quitting the Gov. service i n 1918. kuite a difference is seen between t h e 1903 area and toQdayts are& of 1,304,489 acres enclosed i n . t h e boundary of the forest 702,562 of vihich are actually Nationhl Forest land (Dec. 1939). This shows an increase of 502,460 acres during the years of the cache Forest. Once when brigham foung set out for northern Utah and eouthern Idaho country t o make a t r e a t y with the Indian t r i b e s , Squires went along ts the barber for Young. The t r e a t y was f i n a l l y made at Soda Springs, Idaho 100 miles north of Logan. As h i s assistant ranger 1Jlr Squires hired James Leatham of Wells-v i l l e Idr. Leatham was pilhced i n charge of a l l the range betwen Blacksmithl E'ork and Logan Canyons. Mr. Squires took everything in the reserve north of Lehtharn's t e r i t o r y . Leathan met an untimely death soon a f t e r h i s connection with the service began. Some old buildings hcd been dimatlied i n Blacksmith Fork end Supervisor Squires suggested to Laatham that he might as well tbke jd the timber doxn to gbell.sviJ le. As '9, Leathnm was loading the lumber on his wagon nis team started t o run. He climbed on the back of the viagon, f , i n an e f f o r t t o stop the team. The horses i n t h e i r run crashed the wagon over a rock and the load ana a l l f e l l to pieces burying Hhnger Leathtim i n the -meckcge, He was rushed t o hellsvil-le but died on the way. Successively u. 0. Theurer and E. I. hice became rengeis under Mr. Squires, 7githin two months a f t e r he assumed charge of the Logan reserve, jvir. Squixes.was called on to fight a f o r e s t f i r e . Nl he knew about f i r e fighting then was what was written i n a forest serviee manual which he had been given as part oP his equipment for handling the job of ranger i n charge. It said he couldn't spend ovel 00 i n getting equipment t o put out iCifels~.and was t o hire extra men as needcd. Some men were engaged from the Logan b'ifth whrd d i s t r i c t and set out t o do some I'ire fighting. 'Ihey hadn't been a t the job long before a rainstorm csms up and put out the f i r e , 1; l o t of red tape and correspondence was necerssary then between Logan and the lltlshington o f f i c e befor 1Kr. Squires could getthe necessary money t$ pay the men he hired. Sheep and c a t t l e men, wood haulers, loggers, and others making use m of the f o r e s t a t t h i s time were e b i t hard t o manage a t f i r s t , but soon they began t o l i v e up to Uncle Sam's rules. Eefore the forest ser1:ice was Zvn*.- ,/, !. ,* ";<'$;$. +&&-: qfl! . dC ' I Jr thesel',%en had p r a c t i c a l l y t h e i r own way and they still wanted it. We didn't push them much though.," said Mr. Squires in 1930, "but tried to be easy on the3 a d get them gradually t o see what Unc1.e Sam wanted thea to do." fl /+;tr About 1905, the 18fquare rd&ee of Logan Reserve aere extended to ,j&& f / $ p22 ;I' , Soda spr ings , Idaho on soda Point . stil.1. l a t e r , a reserve was c r e ~ t e dwe & of l k l n d , then the Pocatello d i s t r i c t . k i l l of these are now a part of the %tiche except :he l o c a t $ l l o d i s t r i c t which was token i n t o the Ceribou i n 1938, see the r e s t OF t h i s report for conditions of the successive reserves as they were set up and repor ted on f o r q ~ q u i s i t i o nt o the Forest Service. in 1907 Vd. k L Clark came to take over the Cache, but died not long s f t e r of pneumonia on the p&rch of the Bard h. s. i n Logan Canyon. Mr. I\!. G. Vboodruff and C. G. Smith were successive supervisors and Squires broke them i n for the job. In 1913 Squires went to 11. 0. and L. c.' Shepard suc+ ceeded Clinton G. smith and he relinquished his post t o Carl B. Arentsen i n 1922; then i.. G. Nord bncume Supervisor i n Dec. 1936.. See report on person- ~1l.i The pb.oh.eers+o f:dhel.Cache Nat ional For e s t , a s we may c e l l them, had many i n t e r e s t i n g experiences. Mr, Eomero one of the early rangers on the Nlt. She] man d i s t r i c t told J.R.L. Brewer i n October of 1940 the following account, It seams t h a t Iir. irornero and one of the other men of the Forest Service not on formal appointment a t the time, were discussing the pur-chase of various guns. l&. Homero mentioned that he was going t o buy a rifle. The other gentleman told Homero t o wait u n t i l he received the gun he had ordered and see i f it would be s a t i s f a c t o r y to meet Romero's needs. PPhen the gun f i n a l l y came the two men went out t o t r y it out and through courtesy the owner had homcro t r y it f i r s t . He prepared the gun for f i r i n g and then aimed a t a l r r g e rock due west of the Eight Mile h, S. on the side of the canyon. He pulled the trigger and found himself lying on the ground with the gun about s i x f e e t away from him, O f course he did not care t o buyi" gun l i k e t h a t one. One day homer0 came home to the 86Kile h. S. and found t h a t his wits had dammed off the l i t t l e creek which runs from the east of the s t a t i o n down through the s t a t i o n yard and into the main creek. The young-sters were gathering up trout by the dish pan f u l l , homer0 chastised them for the act and warned them never to do it again. Now the stream goes dry early i n each year, i n t e r e s t i n g @~c ,&owt hich i s r e l a t e d by b p i i i c e a s ! / i a sheepherder i n the early,t &lrs of the,* &rest is' as / I follows As time went on and the Forest Reserve "Policy" was being sold to the p u b l i q t h c : Borest service sent out Field Assistants f o r t h e pur-pose of examining land wbich contained p o s s i b i l i t i e s of becoming forest lands. These Fi e l d k ~ s s i s t a n t sm ade r e p o r t s which a r e considered of value i n the history of the Cache F'orest as a menas of comparison of the various aress before the acquisition and in comparing the method of examinations to-day and then, ; . .. . ,: - , l ! . ~ A few of these reports have been.used as follows: REPCRT OX PROPOSED HALMI ZDBXST RRSERVX , BY. SMITE RILEY. ~904 The main streams rising wi-thin the area are: CIarkston; Weston, Deep, Cherry, and Aspen Creeks, The valleys t o the east and west of these mountains, l i k e all of Oneida County, are semi-arid. The greatest annual precipitaion in t h i s region, 14 inches, is given at the Weston Station. Wines are stribng and blow the major portion of the year. The Malad Momtins are very poorly timbered. O f the 94, Z ~ O acres within the reserve, but 5,069 acres a r e covered by co~mercial t irnb ere The cultivable acreage of the Malad and Cache valleys f a r exceed that cultivated, and every effort is being made to increase the available water supply and, correspondingly, the irrigated area. Xrithin the last four years the m0i7-11t of l i v e stock owned i2 t h i s region has greatly increased, and the demand for smner range has increased accordingly, with the result that the available grazing lands have been greatly iniured by overstocking. M r . Jones, of Malad, Idaho, vho h6s been in the sheep business for the 18st six years, stated that the range upan the Malad Mountains w i l l not supgort to-day more than half of the stock run on the area four years ago. The range is in very poor condition now, and the d-ecrease in the water supply from the i mpor tant streams rising within the proposed reserve is undoubtedly due to the decrease in the cover. The chief industry of Cache, Malad, and Marsh valleys is agricul. The larger portion of stock of tne ,regton i s sheep owned in the MaJad V:Uey. Many of th&se+ sheep are driven i n t o t h e Soda ~priniys country f o r swrmer range and onto the Salt Lake Desert for the winter. A sufficient number remain in the valley and in the monntains here to greatly decrease the land's grazing value, Tne grazing lands of the Kalad Moundlahs h ~ beeen overstocked with sheep to such an extent that the lands w i l l not support c a t t l e at all. Tnere i s one wagon road crossing the area from Malad to Weston. There were two small steam m i l l s cutting in the patch of commer-c i a l timber on the heads ot' Cherry aad Aspen Creeks, where they h: ve been operating f o r the past ten years. The mills nm about 3 md*a - mbihbhs of the year. The supply of saw timber in the reserve is nearly exhausted, and the m i l l onners say they will discontinue oneration hn a year or two. Excessive stocking of the range has all but destroyed the grass growth upon the proposed reserve. The excWsion of' sheep will work no hardship on the sheep owners as tilere is ample range in the Blue Spring Bills, on the west side of Malad Valley, to supply their wants. There has been but one f i r e within the reserve recently or within the l a s t six y e a s , and there are nof indications of there ever having been severe f i r e s in these mountains. Tile f i r e mentioned burned only the ground on the head of Aspen Creek in the timber.and did but l i t t l e damage. Nothing could be learned of i t s origin. The macjority of the s e t t l e r s contiguous to the a r e a are in f--v o r of its creation. Tilere are a few shekpmen opposed to it because they will be excluded. Tne necessity of this reserve cannot be urged too strongly. EXCERPTS FROM REPORT OIT THX BIG CRJJEK WATERSEED by A. E. Oman. B i g Creek i s due east, across the mountains, from Cub Creek. Big Creek i s about equal to Cub and Mink Creeks in the volume of water carried. B i g Creek more tnan mpplies the local demand for irrigation pur-poses. The excess water gets into Bex River for use i n d i s t a n t projects The f o r e s t i s in patches, orb in fringes along ridges, The approx-imate area i s & to 10 Sq-nare miles. Near the reserve line, the north slope of B i g Creek Cayn has ggod red fir reproduction for half a mile in extent. Fazther up the cayn young growth is in small patches. Colsiderable cuttine was done in this canvon in the early settlement of the country. Fires followhd and large areas were laid waste without seed trees to reproduce the ope& land. Chaparral has taken over the gro?u)d, fully. Denuded land, on B i g Creek, mvst approximate three square miles. ' ~ l t o g e t h e rt h i s includes about 91 square miles of reserve t e r i tory Cub and maple valleys are well settled up to and probably short dl stance within the reserve. A light and power company i s erecting a plant on Cub Creek, near Ma2leton post ofrice. A g r i s t rail1 a t Franklin uses water power when enough water comes t k t way, Approximately 12 of the 91 sg.uare miles have f a i r l y good forest cover while half' as many more have broken or patchy stands. April and May are the months of greatest rainfall. It follows tha t spring rains hasten the d i 9p &&+of the winter I s snows. A pzboneer of Franklin spoke of the fact that years ago frosts occurred later in spring than has been the case in recent years and attributdd the difference t o the fact that the. snow melts earlier in the mountains now on accouht of the denudation of forest land. Bbpxd&uctTbn~dsf a i r on the "Big Spring" fork of the C u b River and good on high north slopes of Maple, Crooked, and Higb creeks. Fires have baed over all cutover areas. At the head of Maple Creek are two areas of 80 to 160 acres of' burned stand. see also below. Probably three-fourths of' a l l cut-over land has l i t t l e or no reproduction, There i s not much danger from f i r e except in slashing after logging operations. Under reserve administration the suppression of f i r e s ought to work out witho~lt any difficulty. Xxcerpts from'(lieport on iviink Creek Water Shedw, by k,E. Oman, 1906, Birch and strawberry Creeks being small streams are f u l l y u t i l i z e d l o c a l l y , dink Creek i t s e l f , running a stream ten t o twelve feet wide, is similarly used, but in addition it feeds two large i r r i g a t i o n ditches for the 'lieston and Yreston settlements, respectively, After diverting t h i s quantity, large amounts flow into bear iliver. The fieston Canal, established in 1906 i s t o weter 30,000 acres between bear hiver and Xalad ~~lountains. The f o r e s t area is very l i n i t e d as most of this country is f o o t h i l l s o r low, rounded rnountE1i.n~~co vered wi t h grass and sage brush, (toshow t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n the 1906 way of lobking a t f o r e s t cover and the way a forester now looks a t it) . Approximate area of Forest Cover as o f t h i s rcport. 1906 in, lhink Creek square mile Birch Creek 1 square mile Strawberry Creek 2.6 square miles ho d i r e c t r e l a t i o n is discernable between cover and stream flow, heproduction is very sparse on Iilihk Creek slopes, the denuded land being heavily clothed with ceanothus c h ~ p a r r a l . i r e here are old cuttings on a l l t h e creeks and f i r e s heve invariably followed, u?nudntion and f i r e s have wasted the original stands and chaparral has taken over, One m i l l was logging dea& timber a t the head of Zink Creek Ref, t o Reynolds', Forest & s i s t s n t , report on proposed addition to the Cache LAational Forest, 1909, . Xxterrsively culled & cut over as far 2s timber is concerned at the head of Curtis Creek. Neponset and Ueseret Live Stock Cos, i n the Curtis Creek are;: hold small areas on water believed f o r purpose of controling many acres of grazing. Aspen, billow, and brush cover the slopes with a density found i n no o t h e r p a r t of the near by areas. The Fast Slope is rather sparsely timbered, except on north exposures of the ridges (speaking of the '4a:atch range devide). Occasional ereus of grass land are found. The top of the wasatch devide here is e n t i r e l y grEJss lznd forming a narrow s t r i p about 300 yards wide and 15 miles long, Reproduction of the more valuable species of timber is excellent in most of the hollows. FirL and spruce coming i n under the aspen i n a s t r a g g l i n g manner, fieynolds s ~ y st h e g r a s s and other forage hare a t t h i s Xany Woodruff residents say grbzing is serious due to the controle / h &i" ~?~f&4@&: A, a P c && U* 2 f by two companies ad above mentioned. Regulation by U. SA?. 3. proposed by the stockmen of woodruff, who f e l t that they would soon be forced out of business by the conditions existing, Two o r t h r e e small saw m i l l s few years prior t o 1309 were operating in T.8 N , fi. 4 E. %I% but these moved out now that the timber is nearly a l l cut out. Fires very prevelent and land in need of fine protection. Not considered that grazing problems are as numbrous and hard to get at on the west slopes as on the east slopes of the range. Unde~ the aspen cover themcis plenty of grws land and while some l a d is held by the live-stock companies, they cannot control the range ~s completely as the less well watered east slope, 90,000 acres are recommended for acquisition by the F. S. because of being so important cis watershed for few small communities and Ogden, Utah, The following diacussion,taken from a heport on %end Elimination Proposels of the old r o c a t e l l o National Forest whkch included part of which is the Cache now, shows some of the reasons for these boundary changes and what sentiment was toward these cha'nges a t the time, The boundary has been revised t o exclude lands chiefly valuable for agriculture and grtzing purposes and l i t t l e or no timber or wood-l a i d of any consequence has been excluded, The l i n e h~ been drawn thus i r r e g u l a r l y t o r e t h i n he&& of important streEas. Up u n t i l t h e c r e a t i o n of the Foreat these l o c a l ranchrnen were harassed by indiscriminate sheep grez-ing to t h e i r very serious detriment, as feed f o r t h e i r horses and few stock c a t t l e was ttken from them by the sheep i n t h e i r annual spring f a l l move-ments. The open lands here proposed for exluQion are very valuable f o r lambing grounds, Since the present f o r e s t boundary serves the purpose of regulating the grazing i n t h i s ~ i s t r i c tr z t h e r than t h e prot e c t ion of Porest cover and conservation of water flow, it is recommended t h a t t h i s elimination as shown be xnade, ~ o s ot f t h e people a r e not i n favor of e l i d n a t i o n of these lands and n r e a t present c i r c u l a t i n g a p e t i t i o n t o hold t h i s l ~ n das wel l as t o add some more lmd to the Forest, I n the e a r l i e s t days the timber was taken out by the mrn who used it and l a t e r on sawmills came into existence when there was enough popu-l a t i o n t o enable a m m t o get timber out for sale, At 1ail.lville the f i r s t sawmill of Cache Valley was begun back i n ~ 5 9 , Levi llheeler constructed the f i r s t sawmill i n $\heeler Bmin an old ty$e . " f l u t t e r m i l l " which was flooded out and never r e b u i l t . Then steam m i l l s came into being, see discussions of D-1 at f o r e part of t h i s report, A few exc e rpt s f r om' s o ~ eo f the e a r l y h i s t o r y of t h e f o r e s t a f t e r it b e c a e a Reserve, between 1908 and 1917, may bring out for comparison some of the main diferonces i n the management o f . t h e tixber to-day and i n the e e r l i e s t d ~ y sof t h e Cache, Cache Valley t o t h e west and Bear Lake V ~ l l e yt o t h e e a s t of t h e Ckche National Forest are extremely f e r t i l e farming regions. Have been quite t ickly s e t t l e d for ubcsut forty yems. Practically a l l the build-ing timber and fuel used i n this region has been taken from the Bern hiver Eange, Only i n the nost inaccessible pZaces are t i s b e r tracts i n which no cutting has been done, Xvery portion of the tinbered area has been burnt over s i n c e t h e settlement of the region. In a l l the large t h b e r e d canyons small m i l l s , usua1l.y of the waterpower variety, have been operated. Logged areas were almost invarj. ably burned over by the stockmen i n ordm to dispose of the slash which hindered animals in grazing. , Repented f i r e s on many of these acres have almost completely annihilated the f o r e s t cover, I n the primeval, f o r e s t f i r e s have often destroyed the younger cge c l a s s e s and opened the stands causing an under story of brush. I n these plcces balsam fir alone succeeds in regenerating. The old t r e e s i n t ese badly burned t r a c t s h&ve often been so we?:.ken&d through the change of site conditions t h a t they have readily succumbed to fungus attack. The most prevalent and contageous fungus d8sease Es thut caus-ing $itches broom. Stands of t h i s caracter are urgently i n need of im- ; Scattered over the Forest are many large burns containing merch- *Mm cf:'f,ea d * 6. , -< antable dead ti-nber i n eq&s-i-%tftfW amounts. The timber sales have not on the whole tended to b e t t e r the s i l v i c u l t u r u l condition of the Forest i n f a c t i n a few instances t h e Forest has been considerably injured by destructive lumbering, The o l d w s t l e s hav6 e u h b ~ e ni n charge of 5 i f f e r m t f o r e s t o f f i c e r s for varying period$.- 'These men have not as u rule understood timber work nor have they r e ~ l i z e di t s iinportance, hiost of them h ~ v elo oked upon mark-ing as superfluous $ince they have thought thet the object of timber sales was t o furnish purchasers with the best t r e e s f o r lumber. Broadly speak-i n g t h e Forest o f f i c e r s i n charge do not know well what t r e e s a r e u n f i t f o r timber. on most sales I find (says C. E. Dunston who is makin2 t h i s report i n 1908) thut the stumpheight regulation had been well observed, but the clause regarding the u t i l i z a t i o n of the the tops has been widely disregarded. In the majority of cases the brush has hot been piled and very o f t e n i t hss not even been p r o ~ e r l ylo pped and s c a t t e r e d , As a r u l e t h e brush piling has been very carelessly done. The above report by 'v. Dunston as compared with the timber manage* mcnt r e p o r t s and f i r e r e p o r t s o f.t o -. d a y will give us an idea of what a great change has taken place durinp the 1903 t o 1959 period. and follows a b e t t e r plan of Arkink f&m 8 s i l v i c u l t u r a l standgoint. V V %, 6 +-*%" f4 -do--fiBFs e-p&>ney - J-u.n&.$p.ez,s-pk.~~ 3 ~ ~ b7% eT~ tE#it -+Th e-s ~ O T ~ H F@L - Thes eWlju n&pe x,k.@x,e--.-- nb o$ bfmber prior t o saley' By t h i s method of management \we can now avoid A" 9, \ many of the undesirea)de condi t ions which htve come &bout* int h e pe s t . / . 1- Fire proteption, s a n i t a t i o n , slash disposal and other revprictions have been stepped up to the point where we are now "getting some place" i n timber mtmagement. T H E N U R S E R Y Nursery work began on the old Pocatello heserve. During 1908 the Pocatello Nursery was stakted on the PocateL10 beserve near Pocatello, Idaho, up Mink Creek and i n the v i c i n i t y of Scout Mountain. The nursery was i n operation u n t i l about 1918. k t the peak of the work of t h i s nursery, the area sova t o Douglas f i r production consisted of 9 beds, 5 feet wide and 70 f e e t long. Seed froa the Payctte and Pocetello Forests were sown i n the Pocatel1.0 Nursery. Payette seed was successful but the seed from the Pocatello Reserve was un~uccessful. T'here were 6 beds, 5 f e e t wide and 30 f e e t long of yellow pine, For research purposes there were 180,000 douglas fir and 13,000 yellow pine besides the stock mentioned above, No cultivation was done nn the seed beds due t o the f a c t t h a t the seeding was done by broadcasting, The worst enemies of t h e young seedlings and seeds were: damping off , chlorosi s, birds and rodents. Trees were distributed to the Psyette, Szlmm, and viyoming forest from the PocatelZo Nursery, Plans were made i n 1917 t o discontinue the nursery a f t e r complete disposal of a l l stock on hand could be made, Lifter t h e abandonment of the ~ o c e t g l l l oN ursery, l i t t l e o r no work was done i n t h i s l i n e u n t i l t h e e'stablishing of the Tony Grove Nursery on the Cache fiational Forest i n 1336. The tony Grove nursery. was s t a r t e d with tbe plan of producing 2 million conifer seedlings annually for planting in Utah and Idaho. The first seed was secured in the Spring of 1938. Up to the present time no trees have been shi>ped from the Nursery, 1939. kt the present time t h e r e are approximately 1$ million seedlings i n the nursery, There are 7 acres within fence a t the presbnt time. The bulk of the seed so f a r has come from t h e Targhee (lodgepole), Powell (blue bpruce, Ponderosa @inei),.ldaho, Payette and heiser (Ponderosa Mr. James k, kugenstein is in charge of the Nursery, ?'his is the .---- - - - only nursery i n Region 4 and has a branch nursery on the Idaho Forest a t McCall, Idaho. EARLY GRAZING HISTORY As nre, come t o summing up the general history of the grazing before creation of the Forest Reserve, we can say it i n a few words: I n the early days when most of the smll communities were g e t t i n g a foothold, 1860 t o 1880 them was no thought about overgrazing or crowded ranges, Lrter i n 1900 few large stock holders began t o get control of c e r t a i n streams and sprin,:s thus controling much of the grazing land, The smaller owners began to uprise against t h i s prucedure and a gradual feeling, that the Governnent should take over, came i n t o being, As time went on t h i s f e e l i n g was spread over much of northern Utah and southern Idaho, and in 1903 the Government began i n northern Utah t o manage the grazing but on a small scsle a t first. The Logan Reserve was created on k y 29, 1902 Consisting of about 182,080 a c r e s of land ~ n dwa s devided into four grazing d i s t r i c t s , D-1. A l l t h a t portion of the reserve north and east of southeast corner of Sec, 8. T, 11 N, He 4 E, bXIk running west across Saddle t o the divide between Saddle Creek and the Logan hiver, thence following said divide i n a westerly direction to the r i d g e east of Hicks Cunyon, thence northwester-ly hlong t h i s lmt named ridge to the Right Hand Fork of the Logan Eciver, thence following the hcad of said stream i n a westerly di-r e c t i o n t o where i t joins t h e r n ~ ~ isntr etim of t h e Logan k i v e r , thence northwesterly along the ridge southwest of Kood Canyon t o the top of the main divide between the Logan River and Green Cayon, Thence north-e r l y along s a i d divide t o t h e nor th bound~r y bin@ of(*..ther eser& * D-2 4 1 that portion of the reeerve south of a l i n e running through the reserve as follows: Commencing a t the southeast corner of Skc. 8. T. 11 N. fi. 4 a. running northwesterly elong the south boundary of D i s t . No. 1, as above described t o the forks of the Logan Iiiver, thence southwesterly along the ridge to the top of the divide b e t ~ e e n the Logan Eiver and Blacksmith $'ark, thence westerly along said divide and the divide between Spring Creek Canyon cnd Providence Canyon to the top of Providence Peak, thence northwestei-~lya long t h e divide between Dry Canyon and the Logan hiver t o the west boundary l i n e of the Forest Reserve. D-3. A11 t h a t portion of the reserve lying south of the divide be-tween Green Canyon and the Logan Eivar, and north and west of D i s t . 1 and 2. D-4. A l l that portion of the reserve lying north and west of D-1 and D-3. The stock to be distributed in these d i s t r i c t s as nearly as may be, as follows: Dihtrict No. 1, 25,000 sheep and 2,000 c a t t l e and horses tt " 2 10,000 sheep end 2,000 c a t t l e and horses 1f " 3 no sheep "300 c a t t l e and horses tt tl 4 11 1) 700 catlile and horses Sheep were therefore, excluded from D. 3 and 4, but a driveway was established through d i s t r i c t 4 i n Green Canyon t o allow sheep be-longing to ranchers on the west side of thc reserve to cross said dis-t r i c t i n going to and from D-1, and not to exceed three days i n crossing. The c a t t l e and horses that were t o range i n the main canyon of the ,& &Jy, F' Logan f i v e r between i t s mouth and t h e f o r k s sf t h e r i v e r ~ b~e dc lo s e ly k . , rg-r+.Lf{- r e s t r i c t e d so that they U l r l . not polute the water supply of the town of J. F. Squirest annual grazing report of 1904. The c a t t l e were turned into the d i s t r i c t s according to the instruc- ,d,A& t\ h b p(4i. ,j&p fP..-JL- - tions received from the Codm of GeFP. L; 0,' w . . A - : - ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ * 'I Reports no overgrazing on any portion of the Cache. Sheep were controled as near as possible and c a t t l e were turned on i n designated places and allowed to roam a t large l a t e r on. I n 1904 the range was grazed by 18,000 and 7,000 sheep on D-1 and D-2 instead of as above shown for 1903. hecomends that stock companies or associations be formed for the stock grazed on the Cache Eeserve, 3'ollowing is a grazing report as of 11-2846 for the Pocatello Forest Eeserve. ( l a t e r included i n the Cache Sotional Forest). The feed was good throughout the sewon of 1906, Stock l e f t the reserve i n good condition, fiecornmended that the duration of the p a z i n g season for 1907 be from May 1 t o Qct. 31, as it was i n 1306 and that the combined nurnber of stock and horses shall not exceed 500 head. * h. H. Charlton, Forest hxaniner 1903-4 estimated 100,000 sheep and 7,000 c a t t l e on the reserve. Sheep has injured water supply, forced the c a t t l e out of thekr range. Liost of h sheep come from b b e r and Boxelder Counties. hecomends 25,000 sheep and 7,000 W. locally owned, ~ f l In view of the fact t h a t the nuznber of hedd allowed to range is releitively more productive (being largely dairy stock) than Sange cyittle. I recommend that the fees for summer grazing on c a t t l e be raised from 20 to 35 cents per head. by supervisor. BUR RIVXH FOREST RESERVE : A l e t t e r from the U.S.D,k, 12-28-1905 s t a t e s : T'he Secretary of Agriculture hss authorized the grrzing of 17,000 head of c a t t l e and horses end 113,500 head of sheep on the Bear hiver For-e s t keserve during the season of 1907, and therfore, i n accordance with the rcgulstions you (~r. J. F. Squires) :lay reeeive applications and issue permits f o r t h t grazing of t h i s number of stock, CUi w i l l graze from 5-1 to 10-15 and ScG w i l l graze from 6-15 t o hef. J, 3, Squires l e t t e r of 11-1-06 to Forester, The amount of r a i n f a l l t h i s season largely exceeds any previous 'yezr since the establishment of t h i s reserve, it has been s u f f i c i e n t to keep vegetation, and the range i n good condition, and there is no portions of the range injured by over-grazing, however I believe t h e range has carried 211 the stock that should be allowed without being injurious to it, The condition of' the stock a t the time of entering the reserve was moderate-l y good considering the long winter, and the cold and backward spring. The stock look f a t and fine as they are driven from the renge, and t h e i r ov,iners seem well s a t i s f i e d with the r e s u l t s obtained from t h i s sezsons grazing. I am not prepaired t o say what the grazing fee for sheep should be on u f l a t basis, but believe it should be s u f f i c i e n t t o cover the lambs as they consune and tramp down nearly as quch as old sheep during the season. FORT NEW NATIONAL Ref. l e t t e r FOREST : P,T.hrensrt;ed F.S. on 3-13-07. Authorized use of t h i s reserve without permit or payment of my fees pendibg the t11orou.gh examination of the range. k i s netr as can be seen from our f i l e s , the Beer River Reserve consumed the old Logrn Forest kese:-ve i n about 1905 or 1906. kf. l e t t e r of 3-29-07, From t h e Yorester t o \i,W.Clark In accordance with your recolamendation the number of c a t t l e and horses allowed t o graze on the sear hiver National $'orest during the season of 1907 has been increased from 17,000 t o 23,400 h e ~ d . hef, 7 i . k Clark ann, c r a b p o r t of 1907. Late cold spring held c a t t l e and sheep off t ' t e range about lmonth 1 l a t e r than the usual date of entry, As a r u l e , the condition of the stock a t the time of entering wss good, Those that ranged during the spring i n the Cottonwood l4ountains were i n fhir condition in s p i t e of the f a c t t h a t these mountains were very much ovsrcrowded. hepe6ted s t o r m i n Xay and June aided the growth of the forage i n the low h i l l s . From a l l t h c t 1 can l e a r n both from the inspection of the heras and from the report^ of the rangers and sheep men, there has been an abundance of feed i n nearly every portion of the f o r e s t , and the stock have l e f t the rcnge i n f i r s t class condition. Lnck of proper location or d i s t r i b u t i o n has resulted i n many overgrazed spots, but there are just as many undergrazed arers as overgrazed areas. Salting wes good on the Idaho section, but poor dufe to road condi- Lioga on the Logan section of the forest. I have heard no complaints from any of the users of the range about pbison. 'lhe chief losses have been caused by predatory animals. The sheepmen continually complain of the coyotes bnd bear getting in t h e i r hettrds. The bear, especielly, have been troublesome i n the high mountains of Utah, and a t l e a s t four have been k i l l e 5 by the herders t h i s summer. The rLngers have been so busy with permanent improvern(snts work that we have been unable to indulge i n any beclr hunts t h i s season. At t h i s time t h i s f o r e s t included 683,280 acrec, divided into 11 d i s t r i c t s and the t o t a l containing 20,614 c a t t l e and 117,017 head of sheep. Above figures include private land within f o r e s t boundary in the case of c t t t l e and where fences do not e x i s t , Now-a-days we have a hard tix making the necessary reductions as i n comparison with the following: Forestel., hashington, U.C. 3- 20-9 7 heco-mended increase allotment horses and c a t t l e on d i s t r i c t ten and eleven from three thousand to seven thousand five hundred and seventy. lncrease d i s t r i c t . t w e l v e f i f t e e n huzldred t o t h i r t y three hundred and seventy five. i a l l ap9licants are ranchers and old grazers. Over hundred head cut f i ~ et o twenty percent . Over seven hundred appl i c a t ions . Included i n t h i s report is a map,following, of the Bear giver Re-serve i n 1907. Secretary of ibgriculture authorized the erezing 6f 25,500 head of c a t t l e and 118,000 head of sheep on the bear i1i.i-er National Forest during: the season of 1908. See map of the reserve. The following table gives us the actual numbers grazed on the 11 districts a t this time, (1907). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t o t a l It is considered that the above figures w i l l be valuable i n aiding one t o make a comparison i f he so desired of the numbers rur in 1907 on various sections of the forest with that of 1939. During the l a t t e r part of 1907 and early part of 1908 the Bear Liver i$ational Eorest was changed t o the Cache National Forest end it renbins as such t o - d ~ y . Following is a table prepared from closed f i l e s which should be self explanitory and of much value i n the history of the Cache. Year Gov. o~ned.~;land.l,;~nLBllowance ; Ce31 - >. Sheep 1903 182,080 5,000: - 35,000 1908 657,920 25,500 118,000 1918 769,971 32,500 136,000 1928 278,092 23,500 102,000 1938 836,762 24,250 100,000 Yhen the pocatel.10 Dist. was tt~ken 1939 702,687 21,100 83,875 . ''C \ _ Grazed . ., . , C8cH Sheep 5,000. 35,000 10,038 104,633 32,500 136,000 ayprox. 23,508 l O O , 5 O l 20,551 99,1&8 ilnto the Car$. hou 17,964 75,101 Following is a discussion of General Conditions of The hange. This material is taken from the grazing reports i n the pmt i n 5 year periods, Yhen the yokest w&s created i n 1903, the renge was considered to be i n excellent condition t.nd it was believsd by the eerly forest o f f i c e r s that there was no overgrazing. After studying the conditions and numbers of stock throughout the p u t 50 yefirs, we can see thut there was probably overgrazing, but t h a t the range had not beeome so used that the overgrazing was evident to any great degree in 1903, by, Vie Clark i n his r-nnuel Grazing fieport of 1908 s t a t e s : "I have neither observed nor heard of &.ny watersheds on this forest that have been dmsged by the grazing of c a t t l e and horses. m i t e a number of Utah c a t < l e viere caught in e\ big snow storm i n the f i r s t part of October. The market price of c a t t l e is a t present b e t t e r than it has been for several years but is not. consid.ered as remunerative as the sheep business is at present. The general condition of the range on t h i s Forest during the past season was good, 'he r a i n f a l l during the Fall of 1907 and snow f a l l dur ing t h e pas t winter were smal ler than usua, Ya nd t h e r e was some fear on my part that the water supply and consequ&.My the accessible supply of forage would not be s u f f i c i e n t t o met the demands of the /'J number of livestock a l l o t t e d to t h i s f o r e s t for the past season, J. Vi. Humphrey states i n his report of 1913, "During the grazing sebson just past the p r e c i p i t a t i o n as recorded a t the Sxperiment Station here a t Logan for the months from ;day to October i n c l u s i v e mounts t o 10 inches, The forage crop has been much b e t t e r than usual. The range was i n poor condition a t the beginning of the grazing mason, owing to the lateness of the season. fbwever, by reason of the frequent storns favor-able conditions were soon brought at;out, and a t the end of the grazing sesson a l l the Forest Officers report that the season just pas$ was an exceptionally good one. The condition of the range a t the end of the grazing season showed t h a t n e ~ r l ya ll t h e feed had been taken, and t h a t t h e renge, general ly * speaking, was in very good condition. ht the time of entering the Forest c a t t l e and sheep were in poor condition owing to the ,-ong, cold winter and the bmkward spring. Bay became very scarce i n the spring, The market conditions t h i s season have been exceptionally good as the prices are higher for both c a t t l e and sheep than evcr before, and the l a t e shippers of lambs have not suffered to the extent that thby have in former years by the heavy decline i n prices that invariably followed hewy shipments t o the eastern markets. The market for horses is dull t h i s yesr due to an overproduction, J? 9. 0. Shepard says in his 1919 Grazing rsport, '~n average 6dcr the whole f o r e s t indicates that the t o t a l amount of precipitation during the 4-1/9-15 period was l e s s than 40% normal. k t the beginning of the season and during April and lmy, the forage was only a t r i f l e , i f any, below normal, in quantity 2nd development, , The k i l l i n g f r o s t s which occurred idsy 31 and June 1, caused quite a loss in weed forage a t the elevations above 6500 f e e t . Forage plants matured from 4 t o 6 w'eeks e a r l i e r than usual, The condition of stock on entering the Forest was normal to 15$ above normal, The generhl condition of the range a t the close of the secson wss a t l e a s t 257; below average. The extreme dryness of t h e s o i l caused more than ordinary dmqi= from trampling. Increased t r a i l i n g to water over longzr stretches of country contributed more %ban usual t o t h i s . \ The lamb market showed early signs of being overloaded with under-weitht lambs, l w k d n g finish. Lambs generally speaking, were about 10 pounds under sverage weight. The prices for 6 a t t l e wame $15 to $18 lower 71 than in 1928. C. B, Urentsen s t a t e s i n his 1923 grazing report. he mount of' snowfall for the past winter was even grobtor than a yeE1r ago although it was exceptionally heavy for the winter of 1921-1922. Due to l o w temperstures and cold storms forage w w very slow i n s t a r t i n g , Only a smell percent of the spring range was i n a s t a t e of vegetative readiness b o f o r e w l 5 . After thc. middle of iky the weather was much more f a v o r ~ ~ b fl eo r growth and i t ks believed t h a t t h e develop-ment of forage on c a t t l e ranges was up to normal by J'une 15. The sheep ranges we1 e i n proper condition for gmzing on June 16 @ and July 1. vvith the exception of the Pochtello division the stock ccme on the Xorest i n f a i r flesh. Generally speaking, the ranges were in very good condition a t the $ close of thc grazing season, Cn mapy of the sheep ranges 25% of the grasses bere allowed t o seed, ho~iever, oa some qukb large areas of c a t t l e range not more than 105'of seed plsnts were l e f t . Lambs sold off the Cache ranges during the past season a t From 10 t o 11 cents a t shipping poiht, the average being about 10$ cents. They ranged i n weight from 71 to 80 pounds. The merket for sheep has Nlr, Arentsen' s 1929 report s t a t e s : *'?'he r a i n f a l l during the pest grazing L4'e hhve checked the weather records for four i n ldaho and f i n d t h e r a i n f a l l from April to The weight of lambs and beef stock i n been excellent. The c a t t l a market has been poor." The wild horse situation appears t o be about normal and the Indian season was much below normal. stations aljout the Forest Sept. was $8$ of normal. the fall was about normal, department is making an e f f o r t t o dispose of the wild horses on the Fort H a l l Reservation and t h i s action is oS general benefit to us." Ek. hrentsen's 1934 report s t r t e s : "Esnge forage the pest season was below normal about 20% due t o the almost t o t a l luck of rain durin3 the growing season, Lambs were somewhat l i g h t e r than l a s t yew. Cattle did exception-a l l y u e l l the fore part of the season, but f e l l away a f t e r the 1st. of kug. so that when they came off the f o r e s t they were l i g h t e r than average. The demand for range is being cared f o r only to the extent of Mr. A. G. Nord's report of 1939: "Forage production was below normal and much below the production of 1938 b ~ c a u s e of the drouth, The ranges were o f f t o a good s t a r t i n the early p a r t of the grazing season, but the deficiency of precipitation i n June spik July, August and Sept. reduced the nornal production of grass I leafage aqd.the height of seed stocks. The production of weed species was also lowered and the maturity was advanced ahead of normal, There was o shortage of water on accomt of the drou;tht., which togeth6r w i t h the early maturity of forage was cause for rnuch movement of livestock t o and from water, Field s t u d i e s showed that on a number of our c a t t l e allotments we have been losing ground i n the good condition of our range on account of too early grazing of the forage,. The demand for range is not as heavy as it has been i n times @ast. There are 22 active c a t t l e associations and 2 sheep associations on the Utah and ldaho divisions of the Forest, )I Moses Christiansen: Formerly Ranger i n Charge of the Malad D i s t . t e k l s us a few i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t s . 1904 t o 1908 with the Department of the I n t e r i o r and came to Lialad D i s t r i c t i n 1908 and was there u n t i l 1922. During t h i s time he exomined over 20 cleimes under. the Act of ?;we 11, 1906. During the f i r s t three years of his work on t h i s d i s t r i c t &&nger Christiansen was i n charge of' 10,000 CBJf and 6,000 sheep onithe d i s t r i c t . At t h i s t me there were 6 saw mills on the d i s t r i c t m t t i n g about 100, /i,,fl-$ [,< & $@j'e$ac@h, an. nual ly. There were only 2 ranches above Elkhorn Reservoir i n 1908, that of Verl Dives and Ernest Mosert s. Z'here were many sheep in the country a t t h i s time. Swift and Co. ran 50,000 between the Utah Desert and Soda Springs country. There were no elk here a t this early date. Deer have increased t o quite an extent, A few bear &To be found on the d i s t r i c t . Just as a matter of i n t e r e s t t o the readers of t h i s history, we have inclucleu the fol.lowing; You w i l l r e c a l l the note, e a r l i e r i n t h i s reprot, of how the f i r s t white men made there way from Bear Lake to Logan. Then in 1919 f i n b l cooperative agreement between the Forest Service and t t e State Load Commission was signed by Sinon Barnburger State Road Commissioner, This ttgreement was t o survey, construct and maintain the Logan-Garden City Hiway. In 1922 A. J. b n s e n s t a t e d that he counted 13 autos going by his camp in l e s s then -$ hour., (Just imagin the emphasis t h a t Mr. Hansen put on t h i s story when he told i t ) . lad novc-a-days it is not uncommon t o pick days when the t r a f f i c count has noted 60 cars per hour @Qx@ling this h&ghway. And why should'nt the t r a f f i c increase when i n 1930 along Cache County voted favorably for $75,000 for improvement of t h i s road. 5-17-30 Ogden C.of C. meet t o discuss proposed 1;lonte Cristo road. . dthte hoad Commission to complete preliiniriary road survEy i n about 2 weeks. 9-11-30 W.S. Averil, 3.R. reports that the contract wss l e t for 3.79 grsding i n Laketown Cbnyon. And thus has been the rood development work as the yeaBs r o l l on for the Cache. A And to-day we bavu a paved highway from Logan, Utah t o Garden City without a break i n it, Early h i s t o r y of t h i s region indicates that from the time of settlement u n t i l 1880 livestock turned out t o graze from the ranches in the valley did not roam f a r from t h e v a l l e y floor, They were able t o find the necessary forage i n the lower f o o t h i l l range. The higher range including the large f l a t s near the summit of t h e range was used only by gaxe animals, Between 1880 rnd 1900 numbers of livestock i n t h i s v i c i n i t y increased greatly the class stock being chiefly c a t t l e and horses Complicating t h e s i t u a t i o n was the habit of t r a n s i e n t sheep herds coming into the higher country and using it as summer range, There seem t o be no adgquat@record of just what t h i s amounted t o i n num-u bers but it $s con&ded by xany that at its peak the range carried a t P e a s t three times as rnany livestock of both c l a s s e s as it is carrying now, The r e s u l t s of t h i s are still apparent. Contrasting the early use of the range when a stock owner might ride four o r five miles i n rounding up stock in the f a l l , with the present day conditions the owners interchsnge stock with Cache Valley owners 50 and 60 miles away from *where the stock were turned out i n * the spring, , : , I Y . The f i r s t transcontinental telegraph wires were strung from Cache Valley e ~ s atn d aros sed t h e d i s t r i c t a t t h e bead of Blooming ton Canyon and then down t o Paris by way of the lower portion of , , e ~ n t g Paris C~nyon, as is a t t e s t e d by t h e names, telegraph Flat and Tel- -*. t i ,\ i s g r ~ p hH ollow, Pn t h e e a r l y days mai l was c a r r i e d along t h i s rout e i n the winter by men snowshoeing over the mountains and many are the t a l e s of hardship endured by these hardy pboneers who carried the mail and maintained the telegraph l i n e s across t h i s district,c "z-. -P r;# 8 r c ' t6 p 1;. ?+ :I,,$1 . ;, P mitted t o us by the the Franklin County Daughters of Pioneers: lghere has been s ~ o n s o r e da placement of' a marker s i x t e e n miles up Cub hiver Canyon for the purpose of permanently pointing out the f i r s t postal route i n the State of ~ d a h o and also marking the t r a i l over which the f i r s t Deseret Telegrtph Company b u i l t its line. The route is known as the Shoshone Indian T r a i l , The Shoshone. Indians with t h e i r kindred t r i b e s who lived on f - 1 b 1 g the south side of the Snake or Shoshone hiver, brobably from %he lm-menorial, visited i n Cache Vklley for hunting, trupping and fishing, Bear Lake Valley was v i s i t e d for the same purpose, anl: t h i s i$ the t r a i l they t r a v e l l e d , A t the time it was used as a mail route it was very e a s i l y followed ks it was worn down deep i n some ~ l a c e s . Now (1940), it is d i f f i c u l t at soma points to t r a s e the old t r a i l . I n 1863 the f i r s t mail was carried over this t r a i l from Frank-l i n t o Bear Luke, a distance of about 25 miles. Brigham Young, the Mormon lecder, had selected a number of people to s e t t l e the Bear Lake Valley, Over t h i s route the Bear Lzke s e t t l e r s received t h e i r f i r s t mai l . The m ~ i cl ~ i r r i e r st r ~ v e l e do ver t h e s t e e p , rugged t r a i l on snow shoes, I n December, 1869, the Deseret Telegrcph l i n e was extended north as f a r as Franklin, Idaho. I n 1871 an o f f i c e was opened in P a r i s , Bear Lake County, and the l i n e was further extended t o con-nect Franklin to P e r i s , The l i n e follow&d near t h i s route, The xonument stands on the s i t e where originally stood 8 cabin a t which the messengers rested over night, It was celled t h e hal f way house, i t being about h ~ l fwa y on t h e t r a i l . The t r a i l up the mountain has been marked with white rocks painted by the CCC. By brousing through some of the early history and talking with some of' the early s e t t l e r s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of tlalad, Idaho the following material has been gathered and added to the History of the Cache. The f i r s t s e t t l e r s just merely d r i f t e d into t h i s Val-ley a f t e r StansburytB expedition. The l a t e r population were attracted here by the oppertunities for carrying on a livestock business or ernyloym ment in the transportation of freight. The livestock business flour-ished u n t i l along about '1900 when it seemed to have reached its peak. Transcient sheep herds took i n p r a c t i c d l y a l l of the national forest area in the sprint? and again i n the f a l l and in addition t o t h i s aere large numbers of c a t t l e which were forced t o summer and winter here, Following are some quotations from various people contacted on the History of t h i s country. -WILD -LIFE: Jcci 2 a There has w ; t z s d a great change in the conditions of the big game on the Cache National Forest s i n c e t h e old timers came into the Cache Valley. I n order t o show this with the l e a s t discussion of prolonged nature, it is probably best t o merely list a few successive f a c t s Bnd estimates s i n c e t h e beginning, kt first (1900) very few people shot the big game animals. In 1917 it was estimated t h a t there were 525 head of deer and sp\ 75 head of elk on the Cache ~ ' o r e s t % h there was po k i l l record due probably t o the f a c t that people did not care to hunt and l i t t l e of it was done. I n 1927 there was an estimate of 620 deer and 380 elk, i The k i l l record was 21 deer for 98 hunters, In 1930 there were 100 I bucks killed i n season on D-1, k i n g the 1929 season one more eEk than deer were k i l l e d , Out of 785 hunters 68 deer and 69 elk were taken, I n 1937 a special Big Game Investigation eas made by LL.Tunpin of the Utah Fish and Game Dept., Orange Olsen US. 3. S., D. I. Rass-mussen bild Life Xxp. Sts. 7J.S.k.C. Logan, Utah, H. J. Costley U.S.F.S. and l o c s l Cache o f f i c e r s , This special investigation being made because of the f a c t t h a t the deer have become so numerous t h a t a big problem is confronting the State and Federal Government i n holding these animels t o the numbers that they w i l l not damage private property to the extent of heavy l o s s t o the formers and that they w i l l not be detrimental t o t h e i r own herds. I Coming down t o 1938and 9, we are faced with an even greater prob-lem than in 1937.. I n January and early zebruhry sex ratior-studies were made upon i the local deer herds. 'lhe findings ran about 1 buck to 3.75 does. During Lhe l e t t e r half of February a tots1 of 165 man days, at a cost of $700.00 JSA money, W ~ Ssp ent i n making an i n t e n s i v e survey and sunsus, t o t a l of 8750 of deer were counted i n Blacksmith Fork and Logan Canyons and the Cache face h i l l s , of these 7620 ware on D-1. D-3 This years k i l l (1939) on D-I about 1504 areas checked by 13 checking s t a t i o n s . 41 Bull elk bucks and 837 does on and 58 cow elk wore k i l l e d during the season on elk i n tho above v i c i n i t y . Increased numbers of hunters and proper mansgement of k i l l as t o 7 sex and numbers may solve the detrimental problem t h a t e x i s t s here. / PLACE Nkh,US IN ?'HIS VICINITY Before going into the e a r l y history any f a r t h e r , it is thought t h a t here is a place t o give the derivations of the names of the principal settlements and vu1lk.e~ surrounding the Cache, First of course should come the name of the Forest. The Cache National Forest takes its name from Cache County which was named from a french wora meaning "to 6idem, and was so named because early trap-pers cwhed t h e i r f u r s , traps, &munition and supplies i n t h i s region. Other counties derived t h e i r names as follows: Rich County: First called hichland Co. Named for Chas. C. gich, early Mormon apostle prominent leader in Besr .Lake region. Keber: Named f o r John ikeber an early t r a p e r killed by the k b e r Aiver. The river also took its name from John iru'eber, as did the Ogden Hiver from Peter S. Ogden, Some of the valley names mentioned i n t h i s report were coined as follows: idlalad Valley: F i r s t called Malade after the llalade River, so ~ ~ - W . ~ . ~ " " W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ P A O named by a group of 3rench trappers camped by the r i v e r who a l l be-came sick. Malade is french and meaning sickness. 9 Cache Valley: See Cache County, and Cache Forest. Bear River Valley: After the Bear River. The names of the various c i t i e s and towns along with t h e i r derivations have been gathered as follows : -hvon: S e t t l e d 1860. Gamed f o r stratford-on-hen, bi r thpl a c e of Vuilliam Shkkespeare. Bearer Dam: S e t t l e d 1868, So named because of the beaver dams along the stream near which the settlement was established. Brigham City: S e t t l e d in 1851. Named i n Honer of Brigham Young. Calls Fort; S e t t l e d i n 1854. Named i n honer of or for Anson V. Call ~ h bou i l t a f o r t here i n 1854. elarkston: Settled i n 1865. Named for I s r a e l J. Clark, its f i r s t pre-siding ibrmon o f f i c i a l . liden; s e t t l e d i n 1860. iuamed because of its beautiful 1-ocation i n CgCen Valley. Fielding: Settled i n 1892. .bmed after Joseph Fielding h i t h , 6th. preside* of the ihrnon Church, Garden City: Settled u 7 7 . So called bemuse its s e t t l e r s considered i t a Garden spot i n Bear L ~ k eV cilley. f'%iYde Park: Settled i n 1860. Nmed for b i l l i a x +de, early s e t t l e r . i / j =rum: Settled i n 1860. Named f o r Iiyrum h i t h , brother of Joseph j \ Smith, founder of the Xormon Church. i \ Huntsville: Settled i n 1860. Named for Captain Jefferson Hunt of the ~~lormoBna t t a l io n. 'fioneyville: dettled i n 1866. Two s t o r i e s are told of its name, 1st. It was named by a beekeeper libmham .tiunsaker because of his in-t e r e s t s there i n the honey industry, 2nd, named by the Lormons after Land of Ccnean (Land of ldilk and honey), .: *@ 8 t C $eketown: Settled 1864. So named because of its proximity to Bear 1% 8" 1 lb B ' , * Lake. ,. . w pIC +" 7 + " I Jp , [ 8 7- t$ Libe r ty: Outgrowth of hden: Name( is of p a t r i o t i c o r i g i n . r h * ,:* :, L . r 8L . : " !" L a : Settled i n 1859. &%?&rived its name fron ~ogun's Fort, which - i n turn received its name from the r i v e r nerr which it was b u i l t . The river. is stlid t o hwe been named f o r Ephraim Logan, early trapper, who explored t h i s region in the 1820's Mantua: SettledA1863. B a e d by Lorenzo k m v , 5th. #resident of t h e Mormon Church, for the town of his n a t i v i t y Mantun, Ohio. This small town had quite a number of previous names, ;kndon: Settled in 1859. Nsmed for i:lendon, U'orccst,er Co., I\!aass. Birthplace of Ezra. T. Benson. F i r s t Momon apostle t o live i n Cache Vcilley, Millvi].le: Settled i n 1859. So nmed because of f i r s t sawmill i n Cache V ~ l l e yw cs operated here. Newton: Settled i n 1869. Outgrowth of Clarkston, and so named to distinguish it From the older settlement. Ogden: Derived its nme from Ogden River, which i n turn was nmed for Peter Skene Ogden, ~ u d s o n ' s Eay Company brigade Leader, who was in t h i s v i c i n i t y in the 1820's. k i l e s coodyier, about the winter of ?-84404.5, estcblished a post here which he called Fort Buenaventura, taking the name of a mythic21 stream which was thought by early ex-p l o r e r s (Spaniards ) t o d r a i n t h e Great Y ~ s i nr egion, emptying i n t o - San Prhnsisco Bay. Colonization of the arec, hmever, did not be-gin u n t i l 1848, sfter Goodyier sold his property t o the Mormon Church. The settlement was f i r s t cellea tirownsvil-le f o r Jmes Sr?wn, early s e t t l e r , who represented the Xorrnon Church i n purchasing Goodyier's land and livestock. 1he ntme was changed to &den i n 1850 when the Genere1 hssembly of JJeseredl created Iieber County. Paradise: Settled i n 1860. So nmed because of the beauty of its : surround ings. ,. .'3d Providence: Settled i n 1859. So nwned because the early s e t t l e r s : e f e l t that this section of the country had besn divinely blcssed, .j'.*: (.. F'onnerly c a l l e d s p r i n g Creek, takimg the e a r l y name of Providence I Creek, nei-,;. which the settlement is s i t u a t e d , l <, PlymoutN Settled 1869. Namcd f o r Plymouth, Kass. Formerly called $3 " ) '\ 3 I Squaretown, because the f i r s t four families of settlczs b u i l t t h e i r / houses on the adjoining corners of four sections of ltnd. I Portage: Settled i n 1867. Named for portage county, Ohio, birthplace of Lorenzo Snow, f i f t h president of the Mormon Church. Formerly called Eay Town because of the lmge f i e l d s of hsy grown by the early s e t t l e r s . handol@: Settled i n 1870. Named for Eitlndolph H. Stewart, who super-vi sed the founding of the communi ty , Richmond: s e t t l e d i n 1859. There are two theories as to t h e o r i g i n of t h i s name: 1. That it was named for Chkles Coulson Eich, early : s e t t l e r and Mormon Church o f f i c i ~ l . 2. that it was so named because of t k s r i c h loamy s o i l . .Spln%.&fiGA&: Settled in 1859. Named i n honer of Dohn G. Smith early s e t t l e r . -Utah: The l&mnon s e t t l e r s f i r s t c a l l ed t h e i r new home "Deseret," a book of idomon word mehning "Honey-bee." vihen the region became a .. t e r r i t o r y , i n 1850, the ~~~ormownerse unsuccessful i n t h e i r attempt to have this name retained, Instead, Congress c d l e d the new t e r i - tory, "Utqh,?.a name coined from the nickname of a tribe of Shoshone Indians who inhabited much of this region. The Navajo and Apache Indians called these Indians "Utes," a term meaning "the uper peoplett or ?'the hill-dwellers." This nicknazle was used i n much the same man-ner as the xnglish term "highlanders1' is used to designate the people i n the .Scotch Itlountains. xarly journals spelled the nrtme a number , different ways, including Yute, Xutow, &a, etc. &hen the t e r r i t o r y became a s t a t e , in 1896, the name Utah was retained. l e l l s v i l l e : Settlsd i n 1856. Named for Daniel 3. Rells, pioneer s e t t l e r , Willard: Settled i n 1876, Named for Viillard Richards, counselor to Brighm Young in the Monnon Church, Woodruff: Settled 1865, Nmed for Mlford vboodruff, fourth pres-ident of the lvlorrnon Church. Previous t o the 'Utah viar" of 1857-58 there was but one s e t t l e - ment i n Cache County, namely t h a t of ~ ~ e l l s v i l l e T, he pioneer Peter lhughttn, who hod been qpointed Judge of the county by the Utah Legislature had merely organized his court and held one regular term when t h e s e t t l ~ r sof ~ k l l s v i l l em oved south i n common wi t h a l l the people of the northera settlements including those of vieber, Davis, and Salt Luke Counties, But immediately a f t e r t h e i r return north a clusimr of settlements r a p i d l y sprang up i n Cache Valley, the original being eight i n number, namely, Logan, l'rovidence, fiyru.m, Viellsville, i h d o n , Srni thf i e l d , Richmond and Franklin. A t a special t ~ : r m of Judge Peter Maughan's court, a t its re-organization, an order was made by the court that Cache County would htve certain boundaries, thus establishing Cache County. R E F E R E N C E S Tullidgesl Uistories of Utah Vol. 111. Eistory of Boxelder County 1851 t o 1937 I,, We Forsgren Stansbury's Expedition to the Great Salt Lake by, Stansbury EIistory of Utah by. Ehncroft. Origin of Utah Place Names (Utah h i n t e r s ' Project @ I . P. A,) . Old timers and t h e i r s t o r i e s , Forest Service Files, Assistant Supervisors J. F. Squires t 1907 - 1909 John F, Squires was actually the f i r s t man to have an a~pointment as Deputy or Assistant Supervisor on the' Cache Forest. 3-16-07 he was given the appointment as assistant supervisor a f t e r having quit the service as supervisor. J. E. Rothery 1989 - 1910 &, Rothery was Deputy Supervisor from 7-1-09 t o 6-30-10 * John H i i s John Riis was appointed Deputy Supervisor sometime in 1910. The exact record of him was not found other than as l i s t e d in the 1909 to 1910 field programs which are comparable to the present Forest Service Directory. J, K Humphrey 1910 - 1913 J. W. Humphrey present Forest Supervisor on the Manti Forest came to the Csche as a Deputy Supervisor on 6-1-11 and 6 a i a e d as such u n t i l 12-15-13. E. C, Shepard 1913 - 1915 Shepard (see S. 19 to 22) was appointed as Deputy Forest Supervisor on the Cdche 4-6-14 to 7-1-15. The elapsed time between lhnphrey's departure and Shepard's appointment l%ft the Cache without an assistant supervisor, 3. B. Spencer 1915 - 1920 E. B. Spencer was appointed t o take the Assistant Supervisor position following Shepard's advancement to Supervisor, 7-1-15 and he Raymond D. G~rver was Forest &anger from 2-16-19 to 3-1-19 and prior to t h i s was a Deputy Supervisor from 7-16-18 to 2-16-19 H. I. Rice 1920 - 1924 b p k i n I. Rice a man who was picked by the former Supervisor Squires t o be i*r. Squirest ranger and assistant in charge from Blackmith Fork to Logan Canyon back in about 1905. Could find no record of formal appointaent at t h i s early date, except the words of J. F. Squires published i n a news a r t i c l e in 1930, 1. Nice was appointed by the Forest Ser*ice as Forest Ranger 7-1-15 to 11-1-20 and then became the Assistant Forest Supe~visor u n t i l 7-1-24, when he was made Senlor Forest Ranger a.nd r e m i n d such u n t i l his death dm to sickness i n 1938. The appointment was termi-nated 2-15-38. h?. Rice was a man from Providence Utah and was well liked by the entire commuhity and the Forest Service. He made many friends and was on the Cache h t i o n a l Forest longer than any other one man. W, C, I\licCormic4k a s appointed as Assistant r v i s o r on 7-1-24 ;_) and remained as such un i1 12-21-25? /&&#t-~d..,~ .&&{ 4' @< cf as.z $* "a-b e-6.f I r' f f ,*P' W. M. Mace 19535 - 1927 This man was appointed assistant supervi sor from 1-1-26 to 5-16-27. During 1927 to 1936 there was no assistant supervisor on the Cache, J, Thomas Mathews Came to the Cache on fisor u n t i l 5-1-39, when he 3-1-36 and remained here as assistsnt super-was transfered t o the om1 . Came to the Cache National Forest as Assistant Supervisor on 5-1-39. He was previously a ranger on the Paris District. see under rangers, District Rangers and Others: In the early history of the Forest l i t t l e record, of the personnel working under the Supervisors was kept. The Supervisors were generally lnnm as the Hangers as well as the Supervisors. Mbny men were hired as a s s i s t a n t s to the f i r s t supervisors who's narnes were not recorded i n the files which are available a t the present time. For example, l%r. James Leatharn of ~ ~ e ~ l s v iwlals eh ired by the first Supervisor, hir. J. B. Squires, and was killed on the job i n Blacksmith Fork. We could find no definite record of t h i s man. Then lb. Squires hired L. 0. Theurer of which we have no record, and Mr. H1 1. Hice who's record we have because of his being with the Forest Service u n t i l better methods of record keeping came into practice. * I 1908 - 1910 See J. IT. Squires (1st. Supervisor) 1911-- 1913 E. G. Shepard whs~appointed as a Forest Assistant on 6-1-11 and was such u n t i l 7-1-13 when he was made a Forest Examiner and he was Forest Examiner until 4-6-14 when he was made Deputy Supervisor. T. B. uicholes was on grazing reconnaissance as an assistant ranger from 6-1-15 to 9-1-15 and became a Forest Ranger i n January of 1917 and remained as such u n t i l 4-1-17. C. L. Forsling who is now i n the chiefs office was on Grazing iieconnai ssance from 6-1-15 to 7-1-1. L. J. Palmer was on Grazing studies from 10-5-15 to 7-1-16 and then was made Forest htnger 7-1-16 and resigned around 4-17. H. I. Rice see write-up under Assistant Supervisors. Raymond D. Garver was a For(& Ranger from 2-16-19 to 3-1-19. Moses Christensen was a ranger on the Oxford-Elkhorn District from 7-15-14 to 9-15-22, I n April 1921 the Forest Service directory replaced the old Forest Service Field Program and from then on we have a much more coraplete record of personnel. - 6 . - 4 1920 on: W. B, Rice Came to the Cache N, 1'. 781-21 and remained until 1-16- 22 as Forest Examiner and since then has travelled around in the Forest Family u n t i l f inaaly arriving as Associate Regional For ester at Ogden, Utah, Vern A. Bird was a j'orest Ranger from 5-1-21 to 7-9-24 and came t o the Cache from the Arxy as did many other men returngin frox World War Service, and was here for one yem, (3-1-24). R. iJI, Poorman was Ftanger on the Sherman Peak d i s t r i c t from 10-16-22 to 7-31-23. H, M. Petersen was Forest Renger on the Rich County District 11-1- 22 u n t i l 11-25-29, Josiah k, Libby came to the @ache as a Ranger on 10-1-27 and u n t i l 12-15-35. About one year of t h i s time 10-1-31 to 7-1-32 was spen on leave VJOP. S. S. Hutchings was 3'. R. 7-2-28 to 5-11-29. In some records he is shown as a n k s i s t a n t technician, w. S. kverille took over the Paris d i s t r i c t 10-1-19 and was a live w i r e ranger there until 6-30-32 and is now a ranger on the Minidoka, Ode11 Juander was a Forest Ranger from &y to September 1930 and l i s t e d as technical assistant. he was also a J. F, 7-1-31 and thereabouts, V1'. L, Hansen was a tech, Assistant on the Cache from 18-10-33 to 10-2-34. Also F. R. on Pocatello District 11-36, and now. S. Bryson Cook was a s s i s t a n t f o r e s t Ranger 5-20-25 to 1-2-29 and Forest Ranger from 3-16-19 to 3-16-3y on the Cub River D i s t . Now on the Powell as a Haoger, H. C. Hoffman was a J, 2. on the Paris District from 5-11-32 to 6-1-35 and was a d i s t r i c t Porest Ranger 6-1-35 ko 8-16-36. J. D. Hansen became F. h, on the Paris d i s t r i c t from 9-18-36 t o 4-7-37 and is now the Assistant Forest Supervisor. C, 3, J'ensen Ranger on the Kink Creek D i s t . 3-1-36 to 2-16-39 and is now Ranger on the Minidoka. S.~R. Justice was a b r e s t &anger on the Pocatello District in 1920 and u n t i l around 1936. I Lewis C, Smith was a Forest Ranger from 6-22-28 to 5-31-24 on the Eigh C ~ e e kD i s t r i c t , Charles A, Lewis was a Forest ~ s s i s t a n t1 1-20-08 t o 1-21-09, Willard h. Clork was a Forest Inspector on the Bear Rivtr d i s t r i c t before 19-8 and from 8-1-08 to 7-20-09 he signed l e t t e r s as being the acting Forest supervisor. 8. A, tdnkler came to Paris District as a hanger 4-7-37 and was transf ersd away on 4-16-38, E. J. Costley came to the Cache from the he L. Dept. i n Re 0, on Logan District 2-16-39 and is there a t the present time, (1939) H. H. Price came t o the Cache as a range exkminer or J,R,E. and then went to Ogden taking over the Ogden River d i s t r i c t 6-1-36. Be was J. L. x. 4-16-32 u n t i l 7-24-35, J. B. Ham came to the Paris a i s t r i c t 3-16-38 and is there now. H, E. Clabhy came to the lualad DistPict 6-14-32 and is there now, k, H. Campbell is on the Laketown District. Came to the Cache 8-11-16 and was ranger until 11-1-23 when he went into the Suplerjvisbrls office as an assistant clerk u n t i l 11-16-36 when he took over a D i s t . again. In April 1926 Campbell and Petersen traded d i s t r i c t s . Campbell to the Raketown ana Petersen to the Oxford-glkhorn D i s t r i c t , Clerks : consider ~ . Q Qm uch i3gwortancei n %t . - h is t 09--.of 7 &Gd t?)ybrBe ar-di ng mer gbygCte_f3xeoQ2? pe 4 I ks ba'dk for a few years. fi. P. Long came t o the Cache as a Jr. Clerk 4-1-27 and was appoint-ed Sr. Clerk 6-27-28 and resigned on 5-3-29. Frederick W. hich took Long's place in 29 end whs released by re-quest in 1932, Glen Southwick took Rich's place in 32 and held the position until 1936.
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho);
USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region Facilities Group, 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401
USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region Facilities Group, 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 ;
eng
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/875 DNO-R4-1680-2006-0232-1940.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Cache County (Utah); Utah; United States;
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States;
On Horseback and By Highway: Administrative Facilities of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, 1902-1960
On Horseback and By Highway Administrative Facilities of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, 1902-1960 Historic Context Statement and Evaluations Forest Service Report No. WS-05-731 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Region Wasatch-Cache National Forest November 2005 2 Cover: Mill City Ranger Station (top); Forest Service Building in Ogden in 1933, now headquarters of the Ogden Ranger District (middle); Kamas Ranger Station in 1937 (bottom). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audio tape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720- 5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. On Horseback and By Highway Administrative Facilities of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, 1902-1960 Historic Context Statement and Evaluations Forest Service Report No. WS-05-731 By Richa Wilson Regional Architectural Historian USDA Forest Service Intermountain Region Facilities Group 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 801-625-5704 rwilson@fs.fed.us ON HORSEBACK AND BY HIGHWAY I
Wilson, Richa
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, A-board historical photograph collection, 1817-1984, USU_ABoard1
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
This is a U.S. government document and may be freely used without restriction.
A-board historical photograph collection, 1817-1984
Also available online at: http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5053311.pdf
application/pdf;
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/876 DNO-WS-05-731Nov2005.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States;
21st century; 2000-2009;
First official manual published by the Forest Service describing regualations and policies for the National Forest Reserves.
(p. 1) 1905 "Use Book" U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FOREST SERVICE. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester. THE USE OF THE NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. REGULATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS. Issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. To take effect July 1, 1905. (no p. 2) (p. 3) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Washington, D. C., June 13, 1905 SIR: I have the honor to present for your approval a draft of regulations and instructions for the use of forest reserves. Very respectfully, GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Washington, D. C., June 14, 1905. The accompanying regulations bearing date June 13, 1905, are, by the authority conferred by law upon the Secretary of Agriculture, hereby approved, made, and established to take effect July 1, 1905, and all previous regulations in conflict with the same are hereby repealed; The Forester is authorized to issue instruction in conformity with these regulations and regulation hereafter established. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (1 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (p. 5) CONTENTS. To the public..........6 History and objects of forest reserves.........7 Relation of forest officers to the public..........12 Private and State rights.......... 13 Jurisdiction..........14 Duration of and charge for permits.......... 16 Free use of timber and stone..........16 Grazing.......... 20 Sale of timber..........31 Special occupancy privileges..........49 Roads and trails..........52 Canals, ditches, reservoirs, etc..........56 Private railroads, telephone lines, etc.......... 58 Trespass and violations.......... 58 Protection against fire..........63 Permanent improvements..........72 Marking reserve boundaries.......... 72 Special investigations upon forest reserves..........73 Field and office equipment..........73 Supervisor's accounts..........75 Records, reports, and correspondence..........78 Protection of game..........81 The Forest Service upon forest reserves..........82 Surveys within forest reserves..........92 Creation of forest reserves--additions and eliminations..........93 APPENDIX. Laws and decisions..........99 Index..........135 (p. 6) TO THE PUBLIC. The timber, water, pasture, mineral, and other resources of the forest reserves are for the use of the people; They may be obtained under reasonable conditions, without delay; Legitimate improvements and business enterprises will be encouraged. Forest reserves are open to all persons for all lawful purposes. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (2 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Persons who wish to make any use of the resources of a forest reserve for which a permit is required should consult the nearest forest officer. No one but the Special Fiscal Agent, Forest Service, Washington, D. C., is authorized to receive payments for the use of the reserves. Complaints should be made in writing both to the immediate superior of the officer complained against and to the Forester, at Washington. Every user of a forest reserve will be held responsible for knowing the regulations and obeying them. Throughout this book general information and directions are printed in this type. Regulations are printed in this type. Special instructions to forest officers are printed in this type. (p. 7) THE USE OF THE NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. HISTORY AND OBJECTS OF FOREST RESERVES Forest reserves are for the purpose of preserving a perpetual supply of timber for home industries, preventing destruction of forest cover which regulates the flow of streams, and protecting local residents from unfair competition in the use of forest and range. They are patrolled and protected, at Government expense, for the benefit of the community and the home builder. We know that the welfare of every community is dependent upon a cheap and plentiful supply of timber; that a forest cover is the most efficient means of maintaining a regular stream flow for irrigation and other useful purposes; and that the permanence of the livestock industry depends upon conservative use of the range. The injury to all persons and industries which results from the destruction of forests by fire and careless use is a matter of history in older countries, and has long been the cause of anxiety and loss in the United States. The protection of forest resources still existing is a matter of urgent local and national importance. This is shown by the exhaustion and removal of lumbering centers, often leaving behind desolation and depression in business; (p. 8) 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (3 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] the vast public and private losses through unnecessary forest fires; the increasing use of lumber per capita by a still more rapidly increasing population; the decrease in the summer flow of streams just as they become indispensable to manufacture or irrigation; and the serious decrease in carrying capacity of the summer range. It can not be doubted that, as president Roosevelt has said, "the forest problem is, in many ways, the most vital internal problem of the United States." As early as 1799 Congress provided for the purchase of timberlands to supply the needs of the Navy, and in 1817 further legislation directed the setting apart of public lands for the same purpose, and provided penalties for the unauthorized cutting of any public timber. Other acts, from time to time, made similar provisions for setting apart forestland for specific purposes, but the first attempt to secure a comprehensive administration of the forests on the public domain was in 1871, by a bill introduced in the Forty-second Congress, which failed of passage. In 1876, $2,000 was appropriated to employ a competent man to investigate timber conditions in the United States, and on June30, 1886, an act was approved creating a Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. On July 1, 1901, this Division became the Bureau of Forestry (now the Forest Service), employing practically all the trained foresters in the United States, and engaged in almost every branch of forest work in every State and territory, except the actual administration of the Government forest lands. This remained in the Department of the Interior, which, although possessing complete machinery for the disposal of lands, was provided with neither system nor trained men for conservative forest management. (p. 9) In the meantime, with the increasing realization that the Nation's timber supply must be protected, and with the immense growth of irrigation interests in the West, the necessity for retaining permanent Federal control over selected forest areas was recognized by a brief section inserted in the act of March 3, 1891, which authorized the President to establish forest reserves. The first exercise of this power was in the creation of the Yellowstone park Timberland Reserve, proclaimed by President Harrison March 30, 1891. The mere creation of forest reserves, however, without provision for their administration, was both ineffectual and annoying to local interests dependent upon their resources. Consequently the Secretary of the Interior, in 1896, requested the National Academy of Sciences to recommend a national forest policy. This resulted in the passage of the act of June 4, 1897, under which, with several subsequent amendments, forest reserves are now administered. On the theory that the management of land, not of forests, was chiefly involved, this law gave the Secretary of the Interior authority over reserves, and provided that their surveying, mapping, and general classification should be done by the United States Geological Survey, and the execution of administrative work by the General Land Office. (p. 10) The result was not satisfactory. The technical and complex problems arising from the necessary use of forest and range soon demanded the introduction of scientific methods and a technically trained force, which could not be provided under the existing system. The advice and services of the Bureau of Forestry were found necessary, but, under the law, could be but imperfectly utilized. The necessity of consolidating the various branches of Government forest work became apparent and was urged upon 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (4 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Congress by the president and all of the executive officers concerned. Finally, the act of February 1, 1905, transferred to the Secretary of Agriculture entire jurisdiction over the forest reserves except in matters of surveying and passage of title. The regulations and instructions for the use of the national forest reserves here published are in accordance with the act last mentioned and with that of March 3, 1905, making appropriations for the department of Agriculture, which changed the Bureau of Forestry into the Forest Service. They are based upon the following general policy laid down for the Forest Service by the Secretary of Agriculture in his letter of February 1, 1905, to the Forester: "In the administration of the forest reserves it must be clearly borne in mind that all land is to be devoted to its most productive use for the permanent good of the whole people, and not for the temporary benefit of individuals or companies. All the resources of the forest reserves are for use, and this use must be brought about in a thoroughly prompt and businesslike manner, under such restrictions only as will insure the permanence of these resources. (p. 11) "The vital importance of forest reserves to the great industries of the Western States will be largely increased in the near future by the continued steady advance in settlement and development. The permanence of the resources of the reserves is therefore indispensable to continued prosperity, and the policy of this Department for their protection and use will invariably be guided by this fact, always bearing in mind that the conservative use of these resources in no way conflicts with their permanent value. "You will see to it that the water, wood, and forage of the reserves are conserved and wisely used for the benefit of the homebuilder first of all, upon whom depends the best permanent use of lands and resources alike. The continued prosperity of the agricultural, lumbering, mining, and live-stock interests is directly dependent upon a permanent and accessible supply of water, wood, and forage, as well as upon the present and future use of these resources under businesslike regulation, enforced with promptness, effectiveness, and common sense. In the management of each reserve local questions will be decided upon local grounds; the dominant industry will be considered first, but with as little restriction to minor industries as may be possible; sudden changes in industrial conditions will be avoided by gradual adjustment after due notice, and where conflicting interests must be reconciled the question will always be decided from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run." (p. 12) RELATION OF FOREST OFFICERS TO THE PUBLIC The administration of forest reserves is not for the benefit of the Government, but of the people. The revenue derived from them goes, not into the general fund of the United States, but toward maintaining upon the reserves a force of men organized to serve the public interests. This force has three chief duties: To protect the reserves against fire, to assist the people in rather use, and to see that they are properly 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (5 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] used. Forest Officers, therefore, are servants of the people. They must obey instructions and enforce the regulations for the protection of the reserves without fear or favor, and must not allow personal or temporary interests to weigh against the permanent good of the reserves; but it is no less their duty to encourage and assist legitimate enterprises. They must answer all inquiries concerning reserve methods fully and cheerfully, and be as least as prompt and courteous in the conduct of reserve business as they would in private business. They must make every effort to prevent the misunderstanding and violation of reserve regulations by giving information fully and freely. The object should be to prevent mistakes rather than to have to punish them. Information should be given tactfully, by advice, and not by offensive warnings. Forest Officers will be required to be thoroughly familiar with every part of this book, and to instruct the public and assist in making applications for the use of the reserves. (p. 13) PRIVATE AND STATE RIGHTS I.-- IN GENERAL. REG. 1. Persons having valid claims under the public land laws, or legal titles to land within forest reserves, ear free to occupy and enjoy their holdings, but must not interfere with the purposes for which the reserves are created, and must not cut timber or make use of forest reserve land or rights thereon without a permit, except within the limits of their claims, and there [sic] not to the point of committing trespass (See p.60) All questions involving titles to such claims are entirely within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior. The Forest Service will do all in its power to protect such claimants and owners, and will grant preference for the use of privileges to actual residents in or near forest reserves. Forest officers will make special effort to discover and report fraudulent claims and to prevent the perfection of title to them, and will cooperate fully with the officers and agents of the Interior Department to that end. They will immediately inform the Forester of any action in these cases. II.--MINING. No land claims can be initiated in a forest reserve except mining claims, which may be sought for, located, developed, and patented in accordance with law and forest reserve regulations. (See Appendix, p. 102) III.--STATE LANDS. Lands owned or claimed by the States or territories within forest reserves are subject to the general rules given above. Indemnity selection may be made by the States and Territories for school sections 16 and 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (6 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] 36, when within a reserve, and thereupon these sections will become part of a forest reserve. (See Appendix, p. 129.) (p. 14) IV.--LIEU SELECTION. No right now exists to exchange private holdings within forest reserves for lands elsewhere, except where such right was established in the Interior Department before March 3, 1905 (Appendix, p. 103), and except the indemnity-selection right with regard to school sections 16 and 36, referred to above. JURISDICTION. The authority to grant special privileges and rights of way within forest reserve is divided as follows: (A) Applications under any law of the United States providing for the granting of a permission to occupy or use lands, resources, or products in a forest reserve, which occupation or use is temporary in character, and which, if granted, will in no wise affect the fee or cloud the title of the United States, should the reserve be discontinued, are under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture. (B) All applications affecting lands within a forest reserve, the granting of which amounts to an easement running with the land, are within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior. The following are the more usual rights and privileges under the first class (A), and must be applied for through the forest supervisors: (p. 15) (a) Trails and roads to be used by settlers living in or near forest reserves. (b) Schools and churches. (c) Hotels, stores, mills, stage stations, apiaries, miners' camps, stables, summer residences, sanitariums, dairies, trappers' cabins, and the like. (d) Grazing and restricted agricultural privileges together with such inclosures, etc., as may be necessary for the use of such privileges and not harmful to the forest reserves. (e) Canals, ditches, flumes, pipe lines, tunnels, dams, tanks, and reservoirs, within forest reserves, when no easement in the land occupied is required. (f) Steamboats and ferries operated within the forest reserves. (g) Aerial tramways and wire rope conveyors, when no easement in the land occupied is required. (h) Private railroads, tramroads, telegraph, telephone, or electric power lines, and the plants or buildings necessary for their use, when no easement in the land occupied is required. (i) Other similar privileges which do not amount to a disposal of the land. Forest officers will inform persons inquiring that applications for rights of way under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior should be filed in the local land office. They must not receive or transmit or in anywise act upon applications of this character. All such applications when regularly received at the Interior Department, will, however, be referred to the Department of Agriculture for report as to whether granting them will injuriously affect forest reserve interests, and forest officers will make reports upon such applications when directed to do so by the Forester. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (7 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (p. 16) Regulations governing applications for the more important rights and privileges under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, and enumerated in the foregoing list, are prescribed below. DURATION AND CHARGE FOR PERMITS. REG. 2. Permits for the use of the forest reserves, unless otherwise prescribed, may be granted for any term consistent with the interests of the reserves. If land covered by any permit is excluded in a reserve, the permit then expires. A reasonable charge may be made for any permit, right, or privilege, so long as such charge is not inconsistent with the purposes for which the reserves were created. REG. 3. Permits are not transferable, and abandonment in favor of another involves new application and permit in the discretion of the Forester. In case of abandonment and issue of a new permit, the first occupant may sell his improvements to his successor, provided no claim attaches to them by reason of his failure to comply with the terms of his permit. (p. 16) FREE USE OF TIMBER AND STONE. The law gives the Secretary of Agriculture discretion to allow or refuse the free use of forest reserve timber and stone, under such regulations as he may prescribe, by "bona fide settlers, miners, residents, and prospectors for minerals, for firewood, fencing, building, mining, prospecting, and other domestic purposes as may be needed by such persons for such purposes; such timber to be used within the State or Territory, respectively, where such reservations may be located, and by the United States." (p. 17) REG. 4. The free use privilege may be granted to settlers, farmers, prospectors, or similar persons who may not reasonably be required to purchase, and who have not on their own lands or claims, or on lands controlled by them, a sufficient or practically accessible supply of timber or stone for the purposes named in the law. It may also be granted to school and road districts, churches, or cooperative organizations of settlers desiring to construct roads, ditches, reservoirs, or similar improvements for mutual or public benefit. Free use of material to be employed in any business will be refused, as, for example, to sawmill proprietors, owners of large establishments or commercial enterprises, and companies and corporations. The free use privilege will not be given to any trespasser. Whether an applicant is entitled to free use or not must be decided by the forest officer who receives the application. In all cases not clearly covered by the letter of the regulations he should be guided by their spirit, especially as expressed by the term "those who may not reasonably be required to purchase," and by the distinction between personal and commercial use. A member of a corporation is not necessarily debarred from free use of fuel for his own home, although his ability to secure it from another source should be considered if the reserve supply is limited and in demand by more needy 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (8 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] applicants. On the other hand, although a settler may receive a liberal allowance for his own use, he is not entitled to free material for sale or profit. There is no more reason for giving a hotel keeper or a merchant timber without charge, solely to build or warm his hotel or store, than for giving him a stock of goods, yet it need not be refused the proprietor of a small establishment when it will be used chiefly by himself and his family. Prospectors should be assisted to develop their properties, but owners of revenue-producing mines should be required to buy. (p. 18) REG. 5. Except in cases of great and unusual need, no applicant will be given more than two free use permits in one year, nor may the aggregate amount of material granted in the two permits exceed $20 in value, except in the case of schools or road districts, churches, and noncommercial cooperative organizations, when the supervisor may, in his discretion, extend the amount to any value not exceeding $100. The duration of any permit will be fixed by the issuing of officer, and will not exceed six months. In cases of unusual emergency, however, it may be extended by the supervisor, or, if for $20 or less, by a ranger authorized to grant free use. REG. 6. All supervisors, all forest rangers and deputy forest rangers, and such other forest officers as the supervisor may designate, are authorized to grant or refuse free use permits up to $20 in value under these regulations, and to make such restrictions as to quality, amount, location, and removal as they deem necessary to protect the reserves. It is their duty to furnish cheerful assistance to applicants, to act promptly upon all applications, and, in general, to follow as liberal a policy in the matter of free use as the interests of the reserves and the proper performance of their other work will allow. The free use business of forest reserves may be conducted mainly by the rangers. Subject only to general restrictions, instructions, and supervision, they will decide the rights of applicants to the privilege, assign and direct the removal of material, and be responsible for results. REG. 7. No free use material may be taken without a permit. Application for a permit may be made verbally or in writing to any officer authorized to grant it. If it receives his approval he will see that the applicant understands the regulations governing the privilege, and will fix the amount, kind, and location of the material, and the terms under which it must be taken. (p. 19) Both the forest officer and the applicant will sign an agreement to these conditions upon the prescribed form, which will be forwarded at once to the supervisor as a part of the records of his office. The permit will be filled out, signed, and delivered to the applicant by the forest officer, who will also record it upon the form in his notebook. No map, estimate sheet, forest description, or report need be made unless desired by the forest officer for his own use. The agreement forwarded to the supervisor should contain sufficient information to enable the latter to record the case properly. Any additional facts may be stated in a letter. The forest officer issuing the permit, unless he should be the supervisor, who may instruct a ranger to do so, should designate the timber to be cut, by the most practicable means, not necessarily uniform in every case. Living timber must be marked. Dead timber may be marked or, if practicable, an area may be blazed or defined by natural boundaries, and the class of trees to be taken specified. The procedure should be made as simple and economical for both the user and the forest officer as is possible without danger to reserve interests. Although simple methods and the exercise of judgement are encouraged, there should nevertheless be no tendency to underrate the importance of free use business or the necessity of considering the good of the reserve. The use of dead material should be encouraged, and the assignment of green timber, when really necessary, must be where it can best be spared. Low stumps and full use of all trees cut must be required, as well as careful disposal of refuse. Officers in charge of cutting will be held responsible if unnecessary damage is done to young growth or standing timber, or if the reproduction of the forest is not properly considered. The violation of any of the regulations governing free use or of the 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (9 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] terms of permit constitutes trespass and should be dealt with accordingly; but there should be no failure on the part of the forest officer to make all points clear to the applicant before the permit is granted. (p. 20) REG. 8. Timber granted under a free use permit may be cut by an agent or may be sawed by a local sawmill, but the work so done must not be paid for by a share of the material. Moreover, the cutting, sawing, and hauling must be done as required by the forest officer, so that he may be assured the timber is used for the proper purpose. (p. 20) GRAZING. The Secretary of Agriculture has authority to permit, regulate, or prohibit grazing in the forest reserves. Under his direction the Forest Service will allow the use of the forage crop of the reserves as fully as the proper care and protection of the forests and the water supply permits. In new forest reserves where the live-stock industry is of special importance, full grazing privileges will be given at first, and if reduction in number is afterwards found necessary, stockmen will be given ample opportunity to adjust their business to the new conditions. Every effort will be made to assist the stock owners to a satisfactory distribution of stock on the range in order to secure greater harmony among citizens, to reduce the waste of forage by tramping in unnecessary movement of stock, and to obtain a more permanent, judicious, and profitable use of the range. The leading objects of the grazing regulations are: (a) The protection and conservative use of all forest reserve land adapted for grazing. (b) The best permanent good of the live-stock industry through proper care and improvement of the grazing lands. (p. 21) (c) The protection of the settler and home builder against unfair competition in the use of the range. On the other hand, the Forest Service expects the full and earnest cooperation of the stock owners to carry out the regulations. Permits will be issued to graze a certain number of live-stock in each reserve or part of a reserve, so long as no marked damage is done by such stock; but whenever a reserve is being injured by too much stock or the way it is being handled, the number will be reduced until the damage is stopped. In extreme cases, if necessary, all stock will be excluded. Cattle and horses will usually be allowed to graze in all reserves. Sheep and goats will be allowed to 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (10 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] graze in reserves or in parts of reserves where special conditions warrant such privileges, but will be restricted to the areas and grazing periods fixed by the forest officers. Permits will usually be granted for one year, but where all controversies have been settled and only a proper number of stock are allowed, permits may be granted for more than one year, if conditions are favorable. REG. 9. All persons must secure permits before grazing any stock in a forest reserve, except the few head in actual use by prospectors, campers, and travelers, and milk cows and work animals not exceeding a total of six head owned by bona fide settlers, which are excepted and require no permit. Any person responsible for grazing stock without a permit is liable to punishment for violation of the law. (p. 22) REG. 10. The grazing privilege will be granted only to citizens of the United States. REG. 11. The Secretary of Agriculture will determine the number of stock to be allowed in a reserve for any year. The period during which grazing will be allowed is determined by the Forester. The supervisor is authorized to issue grazing permits in accordance with the instructions of the Forester. The grazing season for which permits are issued must not exceed the period authorized, and the total number of stock included in all permits issued must not exceed the number allowed by the Secretary's order. Applicants for grazing permits will be given preference in the following order: (a) Small near-by owners. Persons living in or close to the reserve whose stock have regularly grazed upon the reserve range and who are dependent upon its use. (b) All other regular occupants of the reserve range. After class (a) applicants have been provided for, the larger near-by owners will be considered, but limited to a number which will not exclude regular occupants whose stock belong or are wintered at a greater distance from the reserve. (c) Owners of transient stock. (p. 23) The owners of stock which belong at a considerable distance from the reserve and have not regularly occupied the reserve range. The applications of new settlers owning small bands of stock will be considered in all cases except where the range is fully occupied by small owners. Priority in the occupancy and use of the range will be considered, and preference will be given to those who have continuously used the range for the longest period. The number of stock allowed an applicant will be determined upon the merits of each case. Whenever it is found necessary to reduce the number of stock allowed in any reserve or portion of a reserve, the small owners of stock are first provided for; the reduction is then made on the number allowed the larger owners on the basis of a sliding scale suited to the conditions in each case. Class (c) stock will be excluded before the other classes are reduced. The owners of stock which belong in the State or Territory in which a forest reserve is located will be given the preference, and resident owners will be considered first; but owners of stock coming from adjoining States or Territories will also be considered when circumstances warrant it. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (11 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] REG. 12. The supervisor will set and give public notice of a date each year on or before which all applications for grazing permits must be presented to him. Permits will be refused to persons who do not file their applications within the required limit, unless satisfactory reasons are given. Applications and permits will be divided into two classes, cattle and horses, and sheep and goats. Permits for each class will be numbered separately and consecutively, and a separate set of records will be kept for each. At the end of each month the supervisor will report the name and address of each person to whom he has issued a permit, the number and class of stock covered by it, and the district or portion of the reserve in which the stock are to be grazed. Whenever there is dispute between applicants for the privilege of grazing stock on the same area or district, if the supervisor is unable otherwise to determine who is best entitled to a permit, he will notify the applicants to appear before him at a stated time and place, then and there to make a statement of their claims. After all evidence has been presented, the supervisor will decide who shall be granted permits, and his decision will be final unless written notice of appeal to the Forester is given him within ten days thereafter. Appeal will avail only in case of error. Upon approval of a grazing application the supervisor will immediately notify the applicant. Whenever a grazing application is disapproved or the number of stock applied for is reduced, the supervisor will at once notify the applicant to that effect. (p. 24) Whenever the supervisor desires such information, he is authorized to require applicants to file a supplemental certificate setting forth the location and area of their ranches and also of the public lands used for grazing, the number and class of stock owned, and the length of time they have occupied the range. APPLICATION FOR GRAZING PERMIT. No. ____, _____, 190__. I, ____, of ____, being a citizen of the United States and a resident of the State of ____, do actually own and make application for the privilege of pasturing-- ____head of cattle ____head of horses ____head of sheep, branded, ____, within the ____ Forest Reserve, from ____, 190_, to ____, 190_: Provided, That the animals shall not intrude upon any areas upon which grazing is prohibited. It is my desire to graze said animals upon that part of the reserve described as follows: This application is made for my own exclusive use and benefit, and not directly or indirectly for the use of any other person. If it is granted, I do hereby agree to pay the amount due for grazing fees promptly upon receipt of notice that it has 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (12 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] been granted, and to comply fully with all forest-reserve rules and regulations now or hereafter adopted. I also hereby bind myself and employees engaged in caring for the animals while on the reserve to extinguish all camp fires started by myself or any of my employees before leaving the vicinity thereof, and to aid in extinguishing all forest fires within the territory occupied by me or my employees. I also agree to forfeit the permit for a violation of any of its terms or of the terms hereof, or whenever an injury is being done the reserve by reason of the presence of the animals therein. _____ _____, (P. O. address) ____, Approved for-- ____ cattle, ____ horses, ____ sheep. (p. 25) REG. 13. Reserves in which grazing is allowed will be divided into districts approved by the Forester, and such range divisions made among applicants for the grazing privilege as appear most equitable and for the best interest of the reserve. When required for the protection of camping places, lakes and streams, roads and trails, etc., or of areas which are to be reforested, stock will be excluded from specified areas for such period of time as is necessary. At the end of each season the supervisor will go over the grazing grounds without delay and examine the effect of grazing on the reserve. He will make a full report to the Forester, with recommendations as to the number of stock to be allowed the following year, the division of the range into districts, and the areas to be opened or closed to grazing. REG. 14. Permits will be granted only to the actual owners of stock and for their exclusive use and benefit, and will be forfeited if sold or transferred in any manner or for any consideration without the written consent of the Forester. Persons owning cattle and horses which regularly graze on ranges located along the boundary line and only partially included within a forest reserve may be granted permits for such portion of their stock as the circumstances appear to justify, but may be required to herd or so handle their stock as to prevent trespassing by that portion for which a permit is not granted. REG. 15. Grazing applications must not cover more stock than the applicant owns and desires to graze in the reserve, and must show the marks and brands of the stock, the portion of the reserve or district in which pasture is desired, and the grazing period. Permits will be refused or canceled for false statement of the number of stock owned. (p. 26) REG. 16. Persons who fail to use their grazing permits must notify the supervisor before the opening of the grazing season, or immediately thereafter, and give satisfactory reasons for not using the permit, or they may be denied the grazing privilege the following season. REG. 17. When an owner who has a permit is ready to drive in his stock he must notify the supervisor, by mail or otherwise, stating the number, and if cattle or horses, giving the brands; he must also notify the supervisor when the stock is removed from the reserve. If called upon to do so, he must provide for having his stock counted before entering the reserve, or at any time afterwards when the number of stock appears to be greater than the number covered by permit. Whenever any stock is removed before the expiration of the permit, it can not be replaced by other stock to fill out the number covered by permit until such action has been approved by the supervisor. REG. 18. Each person or group of persons granted grazing privileges will be required to repair all damage to roads or trails caused by the presence of their stock in any portion of a reserve, and to build any new roads or trails found necessary for the proper handling of the stock. They will also be required to fence any spring or seep which is being damaged by tramping, and, if necessary, pipe the water into troughs for stock-watering purposes. Such 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (13 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] troughs must be open for public use. REG. 19. All persons holding grazing permits will be required to salt their stock regularly and at such places as may be designated by the forest officers. REG. 20. Sheep must not be bedded more than six nights in succession in the same place, except when bedding bands of ewes during lambing season, and must not be bedded within 500 yards of any running stream or living spring. (p. 27) REG. 21. All stock which is grazed under permit in any forest reserve will be required to conform to the quarantine regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry and of the State or Territory in which the reserve is located. Whenever the stock in any locality is known to be infected with a contagious disease, or notice to that effect has been given the Forester by the Bureau of Animal Industry, the owners of all stock to be grazed in forest reserves must, if required to do so, submit the stock to inspection, and, if found necessary, have such stock dipped or otherwise treated before they are allowed to enter. At any time during the period for which a grazing permit has been issued, if the stock are found to be infected with a contagious disease, they must be dipped or otherwise treated in accordance with the instructions of the inspectors, or the permit will be canceled and the stock removed from the reserve. REG. 22. Persons who own, or who have leased from the owners, land within any reserve which they desire to use for grazing purposes, will be allowed to cross the reserve lands with their stock to reach such private holdings, but must make application to the supervisor for the privilege of crossing. The application must be accompanied by a certificate of title showing the description and ownership of the land, and, if leased from an owner, a certified copy of the lease, and must state the number of stock to be taken in, the length of time required to cross the reserve land, the route over which the stock is to be driven, the date of entering, and the time when the stock will start out again; also how much stock the owned or leased land will carry during the period it is proposed to keep the stock upon it. (p. 28) When any such application is made to the supervisor he will examine it, and if he finds it reasonable and just and made in good faith for the purpose of utilizing such private holdings only, he will approve it and forward to the Forester. After the Forester approves the application due notice will be given the applicant through the supervisor, and he may then take his stock in. REG. 23. Persons wishing to drive stock across any part of a forest reserve must make application to the supervisor, either by letter or on the regular grazing application form, for the privilege of grazing the stock on the reserve en route, and must have a permit from the supervisor before entering the reserve. The application must state the number of stock to be driven across the reserve, the date of starting, and period required for passage. Grazing must be confined to the limits and along the route designated by the supervisor, and will only be allowed for the period actually necessary for stock to cross the reserve. If occasion demands, forest rangers will be detailed by the supervisor to accompany the stock and see there is no delay or trespassing. Whenever it appears necessary for stock to cross regularly any portion of a forest reserve in which grazing is prohibited, the supervisor will make a full report of the facts, with a description of the regular route traveled, the width of driveway necessary to allow the proper grazing of stock across the reserve, the number and class of stock which will probably cross, and the number of days allowed for crossing the portion of the reserve referred to. Upon receipt of such report by the Forester, if the circumstances warrant such action, a regular driveway will be established and the privileges to be granted will be defined. (p. 29) REG. 24. The construction of corrals upon forest reserve lands covering an area of not more than one (1) acre, to be used in connection with the proper handling of live stock which are permitted to graze thereon, will be allowed 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (14 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] whenever in the judgment of the forest officers such corrals are necessary and will not be detrimental to the proper care of the reserve. The construction of inclosures upon forest-reserve lands containing not more than three hundred and twenty (320) acres for pasturing saddle horses, beef steers, etc., will be allowed, when such inclosures are necessary for the proper handling of the stock allowed to graze upon the reserves, as a special privilege for which an annual rental of not less than four (4) cents per acre will be charged in addition to the regular grazing fee. The fencing up of watering places for the purpose of controlling adjoining range will not be allowed, and in fencing pastures provision must be made to allow free access to water by any stock grazing under permit. The application must state the exact location and area of the land to be inclosed, and must be accompanied by an agreement to pay the annual rental in advance and to comply with all forest reserve rules and regulations. The privileges granted by this regulation confer no property rights whatever, and all improvements will revert to the Government upon the expiration of the grazing permit, or of its renewal, unless the Forester allows other disposition. If occasion demands, forest rangers will be detailed by the supervisor he will forward it to the Forester, with a recommendation for its approval or rejection. If approved by the Forester the applicant will be notified through the supervisor, and upon payment to the Special Fiscal Agent, Washington, D. C., of the rental for the year the construction or occupancy may begin. (p. 30) The privileges granted under Regulation 24 confer no property right whatever, and all such improvements will revert to the Government upon the expiration of the grazing permit, or of its renewal, unless the Forester allows other disposition. REG. 25. On and after January 1, 1906, a reasonable fee will be charged for grazing all classes of live stock on forest reserves. In the beginning the minimum price charged will be as follows, depending upon the advantages and locality of the reserve: From twenty (20) to thirty-five (35) cents per head for cattle and horses for the regular summer grazing season, and from thirty-five (35) to fifty (50) cents per head for the entire year; from five (5) to eight (8) cents per head for sheep for the regular summer grazing season, and from eight (8) to ten (10) cents per head for goats for the regular summer grazing season. These prices will be gradually advanced when the market conditions, transportation facilities, and demand for reserve range warrant it, but the grazing fee charged will in all cases be reasonable and in accordance with the advantages of the locality. An extra charge of two (2) cents per head, on grown stock only, will be made for sheep and goats which are allowed to enter the forest reserves for the purpose of lambing and kidding. (See Appendix, p. 130.) REG. 26. Breeding stock entering either before or after the breeding season will be counted on an average percentage basis, which will be fixed hereafter by the Forester to fit the conditions in each reserve. All stock 6 months old and over, at the time of entering, will be counted at the same rate as grown stock. REG. 27. Any period in excess of the regular summer grazing season will be charged for at the rate for the entire year, but no charge will be made for the crossing permits required by regulations 22 and 23. (p. 31) REG. 28. All grazing fees are payable for each year strictly in advance. When an applicant for a grazing permit is notified by the supervisor that his application has been approved, he will remit the amount due for grazing fees to the Special Fiscal Agent, Washington, D. C., and upon the return of the receipt to the supervisor a permit will be issued allowing the stock to enter the reserve and remain during the period specified. WILD HAY. G. 29. Wild grass upon forest reserves may be cut for hay under permits issued by supervisors. A reasonable charge per acre may be made, to be fixed by the supervisor under general instructions form the Forester. Application should be made in writing to the supervisor, directly or through a ranger, stating the location and area of the tract 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (15 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] desired and the price offered. Applications or permits to cut hay need not be upon regular blanks. Supervisors anticipating business of this kind should report to the Forester and suggest a price per acre for his approval. Under instructions then received they will issue permits, retaining duplicates, agreed to and signed by the applicant, for office records. They will not permit cutting until the purchase price has been forwarded to the Special Fiscal Agent. (p. 31) SALE OF TIMBER. All timber on forest reserves which can be cut safely and for which there is actual need is for sale. Applications to purchase are invited. Green timber may be sold except where its removal makes a second crop doubtful, reduces the timber supply below the point of safety, or injures the streams. All dead timber is for sale. (See Appendix, p. 101.) (p. 32) The prime object of the forest reserves is use. While the forest and its dependent interests must be made permanent and safe by preventing overcutting or injury to young growth, every reasonable effort will be made to satisfy legitimate demands. Timber cut from forest reserves may be handled and shipped like any other timber, except that it will not be sold for shipment from regions where local consumption requires the entire supply, or is certain to do so in the future. Also, the law prohibits export from the State of timber cut from any Idaho forest reserve or from the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota. (See Appendix, p. 108.) Any one may purchase except trespassers against the law or the regulations governing the reserves. There is no limit, except the capacity of the forest, to the quantity which may be sold to one purchaser, but monopoly to the disadvantage of other deserving applicants will not be tolerated. This time allowed for the removal of timber depends upon the amount purchased. It will always be sufficient for reasonably diligent work, but speculation by holding for rise in value will not be permitted. In all cases the first step for the prospective purchaser is to consult the nearest forest officer. Inquiries or applications should never be sent to Washington direct. Remittances of money or complaints against the conduct of local officers are the only communications which applicants or purchasers should make to the Washington office during any stage of a sale. (p. 33) There are three classes of sales: (a) Of not over $20 worth of dead timber. These sales may be made by any forest ranger or deputy forest range, as well as by any supervisor, except in California. No delay is required. The applicant should consult in person with the nearest ranger, who will designate the timber, fix the terms of sale, and at once, upon assurance that full advance payment has been forwarded to the Special Fiscal Agent, permit cutting and removal. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (16 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (b) Of not over $100 worth of lead or living timber. Application may be made through any ranger, but the forest supervisor must approve the sale. Except in California, the only delay involved is the time required for an estimate and report to the supervisor. Upon the latter's approval and permission, after the forwarding of full or partial payment, cutting may begin. In California every sale of any class must be advertised for sixty days. (See Appendix, pp. 101, l05.) (c) Of over $100 worth of dead or living timber. Sales involving more than $100 must always be advertised and can, as a rule, be approved only by the Forester. The application and examining officer's report, if endorsed by the supervisor, are sent to Washington. Upon the Forester's approval an advertisement for bids is published in the local papers for thirty days (sixty days in California), after deposit to cover this expense has been sent by the applicant. If the applicant is the successful bidder, his approved application, the published notice, and his accepted bid form the agreement. His deposits apply upon the first payment, and the supervisor permits cutting at once. If his bid is unsuccessful his deposits are returned. In sales exceeding $100 purchasers may be required to give bond to comply with the terms of agreement. (p. 34) KINDS AND METHODS OF SALES. REG. 30. All forest rangers and deputy forest rangers are authorized, except in California, to sell dead timber in amounts not exceeding $20 in value, and all forest supervisors to sell dead or living timber worth not more than $100. The Forester is authorized to make timber sales for larger amounts, and to delegate this authority in special cases. The kinds and methods of sales are as follows: (A) BY FOREST RANGERS AND DEPUTY FOREST RANGERS (CALIFORNIA EXCEPTED). Dead timber only, in amounts not over $20 in value. Advertisement not required. Request to purchase dead timber not over $20 in value may be acted upon by any forest ranger or deputy forest ranger, as well as by any supervisor. The ranger makes an examination, fixes the terms of sale, and designates the timber to be cut. Formal application is made out in duplicate and signed by the purchaser, who also forwards payment in full to the Special Fiscal Agent, with a letter of transmittal given him by the ranger. Upon being shown the purchaser's receipt, if the payment is made by express or postal money order, or the draft itself, if by national bank draft on New York, as assurance that the payment has been forwarded, the ranger will approve both copies of the application, and at once permit cutting and removal of the dead timber. He will at once forward one copy to the supervisor, give the other copy to the purchaser, and record the terms of the sale for his own reference. He will notify the supervisor as soon as the timber is removed. (p. 35) (B) BY FOREST SUPERVISORS. Dead or living timber, in amounts not over $100 in value. Advertisement not required, except in California. n examination on the ground of the timber desired is made by the supervisor, or for him by a subordinate. The results are recorded and discussed with the applicant, and form the basis of his formal application, which is filled out in duplicate and signed by him. The application, with the report of the forest officer who made the examination, is then submitted to the supervisor for decision. If this is favorable, the applicant, except in California, forwards first payment or full payment, as agreed upon, to the 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (17 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Special Fiscal Agent. Upon assurance that this has been done, the supervisor approves the application and permits cutting to begin. One copy of the approved application is retained by the supervisor, and one returned to the purchaser with a copy of the regulations and instructions for the use of the forest reserves. In California, where all sales must be advertised, the steps are the same until the supervisor has received the formal application in duplicate, signed by the applicant. If he decides to allow it, the applicant then forwards to the Special Fiscal Agent a deposit of $100 to cover publication of notice instead of the first payment, as in a nonadvertised sale. Upon assurance that this has been done the supervisor approves the application as before, but places one copy on file to await the outcome of the bids, and forwards the other to the Forester to serve as a basis of advertisement. Upon receipt of the application and deposit by the Washington office the advertisement is forwarded to the supervisor for publication. Prospective purchasers then submit their bids to the Forester, at the same time forwarding to the Special Fiscal Agent the deposits required by the advertisement. Upon evidence that the necessary deposit in each case has been made, the bids are opened by the Forester, and the supervisor is notified of the successful bidder. If the original applicant is the successful bidder, his application, the published notice, and his approved bid form an agreement. The supervisor then delivers to the purchaser the approved application which he had retained, keeping a copy for his own reference. (p. 36) If the successful bidder is another, the agreement is prepared in triplicate in the Washington office and sent to the supervisor, who has the three copies executed by the purchaser, approves all of them by signature, forwards one to the Washington office, places one on file, and delivers the third to the purchaser. (c) SALES BY THE FORESTER. All sales exceeding $100 in value. Only after advertisement. Upon assurance that the deposit ($100 in California, $50 elsewhere) to cover publication of notice has been forwarded to the Special Fiscal Agent, the steps up to this point being as in advertised sales previously described, the supervisor forwards both copies of the application to the Forester for approval, accompanied by the examining officer's report and his own definite recommendations. If he recommends approval of the application unmodified, he will also initial both copies. If the application is approved by the Forester, the sale is advertised and awarded as described before. If the original applicant is the successful bidder, one copy of the application is approved by the Forester, and returned to the purchaser through the supervisor. The duplicate is placed on file in the Washington office, and a third copy is made and sent to the supervisor for his information. If the successful bidder is not the applicant, a contract is prepared in triplicate in the Washington office, and sent to the supervisor, who retains one copy and has the purchaser execute two copies, which are returned to the Washington office for the approval of the Forester. When approved, one copy is placed on file in the Washington office and the other returned to the purchaser through the supervisor. Cutting of material covered by deposit may begin when the purchaser has signed the contract, and need not await final approval of the Forester. (p. 37) PAYMENTS AND DEPOSITS. REG. 31. All timber must be paid for, either in full or in installments, before it is cut. Should the purchaser fail to secure the estimated quantity upon which his advance was based, the excess will be returned if he has complied with the terms of the sale. In no case will the cutting of timber be allowed to exceed the amount actually paid for. REG. 32. In any sale, unless otherwise ordered, payment for the timber may be made in one lump sum, or in two or more equal payments. In sales not exceeding $100 in value the number of partial 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (18 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] payments must not exceed three, and must be made at intervals of thirty days. In sales requiring advertising the deposit to cover the cost of advertising and the deposit required with the bid will be applied on the first payment. REG. 33. All money, whether payments, deposits, or settlements, must be sent direct by the payer to the Special Fiscal Agent and not transmitted through a forest officer. Money must always be sent by postal money order, express money order, or national bank draft on New York. Other forms of drafts, cash, checks, or certified checks will not be accepted. The payer will be furnished by the forest officer with a form letter of transmittal bearing the sale number. The forest officer conducting a sale may consider the exhibit by the payer of his receipt for a postal or express money order, or of the draft itself, if draft is sent, in either case payable to the Special Fiscal Agent only, as satisfactory assurance that the remittance has been made. He may allow cutting to proceed upon such evidence without waiting for notice that the money has been received, but will not allow removal except in sales not exceeding $20. (p. 38) CONDITIONS AND BONDS. REG. 34. The period allowed for the removal of the timber, which in no case will exceed five years, must be fixed in the agreement. If at the expiration of this period the purchaser has not removed all his timber, he forfeits all right to any timber not yet removed and to his purchase money; but in case failure to comply with this restriction was unavoidable, the Forester may, in his discretion, extend the limit to prevent hardship. The privilege of assigning any rights obtained under a sale may be granted only by the Forester, and only in cases of emergency and when the transaction is not for the purpose of speculation. REG. 35. Timber cut from any forest reserve may be sold in any market anywhere, except from forest reserves in Idaho or from the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota. REG. 36. In any sale involving more than $100 the purchaser may be required to give bond to carry out his agreement. This bond, which will also cover the operation of a sawmill, if permit for one is given in connection with the sale, will be for such amount as the Forester may prescribe. The responsibility of the sureties must be established by the supervisor. REG. 37. Failure to observe any of the terms of the agreement constitutes breach of contract. Violation of the following four rules constitutes trespass: (a) No timber may be cut until it is paid for. (b) No timber may be removed until it has been measured by a forest officer. (c) Timber may be cut only on the area designated by the forest officer. (d) No unmarked living trees may be cut, if marking is required by the officer in charge or by the terms of the sale. (p. 39) ADVERTISEMENTS AND BIDS. In California no reserve timber may be sold without advertisement for competitive bids; elsewhere this is required only when the amount is appraised at more than $100. Notice must be published for not less than thirty days (in California sixty days) in one or more newspapers of general circulation in the State or Territory (in California in the county and also in the capital). REG. 38. Advertisements of sales must announce the time and place of filing bids and the approximate amount and location of the timber, and will refer intending purchasers to the forest supervisor for full information. Before any notice is published, the applicant is required to deposit with the Special Fiscal Agent of the Forest Service a sum sufficient to cover the cost of advertising. If the depositor be the successful bidder, this amount is credited on the purchase price of the timber; but if the timber is awarded to another, the deposit is returned. If the applicant 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (19 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] should fail to bid during the time fixed for filing bids, the deposit may, at the discretion of the Forester, be retained to pay the cost of advertising. A reasonable cash deposit, to be specified in the published notice, must accompany each bid. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids. (See Appendix, pp. 101, 104.) REG. 39. In sales above $500, allotments, at the highest price offered, may be made to several bidders to prevent monopoly. REG. 40. After timber has been duly advertised but not sold, all or any portion of it may be sold without further notice by publication, in the manner prescribed for sales without advertisement. (See Appendix, pp. 101, 104.) (p. 40) ADVANCE CUTTING REG. 41. The Forester may, for good reasons, in his discretion, permit the cutting and removal of timber in advance of an advertised sale, when the applicant has made a deposit covering the value of the timber to be cut and removed, and has agreed to pay for such timber at the rate of the highest price bid. (See Appendix, p. 140.) NUMBERING OF SALES. All sales will be numbered in series maintained by each supervisor instead of in State series as heretofore. Every reserve, group of reserves, or division of a reserve which has a supervisor will have a series of approximately consecutive numbers, following that of the last pending sale, or, if none is in progress, beginning at No. 1 with the first application received after July 1, 1905. Each sale must be given its number as soon as the formal application has been favorably considered and before any payment or deposit has been forwarded, in order that the letter of transmittal may bear the number and thus enable the Special Fiscal Agent to give proper credit for the sum received. Since the procedure in sales of class (c) requires the forwarding of deposits before the application is approved by the Forester, it may happen that no sale is made. The number will have been used as a matter of record, however, and must not be applied again, although the result is a break in the consecutive numbering of actually consummated sales. When a ranger makes a sale of class (a) He must number the approved application and the purchaser's letter transmitting payment without duplicating a number used in the same series by another ranger or by the supervisor. In order to prevent duplication, each supervisor will number all application blanks he gives to rangers. (p. 41) EXAMINATION OF TIMBER APPLIED FOR. Unless full information is already at hand, the first step after the receipt of any preliminary application is to examine the timber. The most vital question concerning the removal of any living timber is whether it can be spared. To decide this question the approving officer must know whether another growth of timber will replace the one removed or whether the land will become waste; whether the water supply will suffer; and whether the timber is more urgently needed for some other purpose. One of the foremost points to be studied is the reproduction of the forest under various conditions. The number of small trees, their kind, their vigor, the seed-bearing capacity of those which would be left after cutting, the possible destruction of the young growth by logging or fire, must all be considered fully. The growth on similar areas which have been burned or logged affords the best guide in this study. If the timber may be cut safely, then the best method of cutting must be decided; whether all the trees below a certain diameter should be left to form the next crop, or only selected seed trees; whether the surrounding timber will furnish enough and the right kind of seed; whether the cutting may be unrestricted or confined to strips; or, in other words, what system will be surest to bring about satisfactory reproductions. All this, as well as to fix the quantity and location of material to be sold, requires an accurate knowledge of conditions on the ground sufficient not only to decide upon the original application, but to permit any change which may seem necessary. Therefore, except in small dead timber sales of class (a), or in free use cases, the examination of any tract from which timber is sought must provide for: 1. Mapping. 2. Estimate of timber. 3. Forest description. 4. Recommendations, and reasons for them. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (20 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] MAPPING. Every report upon a tract of timber recommended for sale must contain a map. Any scale may be used, but what it is must always be stated. The size and scale of maps will be fixed mainly by the size of areas covered by estimates and descriptions. The location of the entire proposed cutting area should be shown upon a single map. This may be as large as convenient to mail and handle, and, if the scale permits, all the other features may be shown upon it also. (p. 42) In that case separate block or compartment maps are unnecessary, the blocks being indicated by dotted lines. Very large tracts require location maps on a small scale, showing only the outline of the proposed cutting, the section lines or other location points, perhaps the private lands, if any, and dotted lines to represent the accompanying block maps on a larger scale. The latter may then be as numerous and as large as necessary. The proposed cutting, as recommended by the examining officer and described in his estimate and description, and not necessarily as suggested by the applicant, must always be clearly defined on the map; so must every part for which there is a separate estimate, description, or recommendation. ESTIMATING. Always estimate the timber upon the definite cutting area recommended and shown on the map. An average for any other area of which this tract forms a part is insufficient. The only exception to this rule is when the location of a definite cutting area is impracticable. If uncertain conditions of sale or differences between the forest officer and the applicant make it likely that the area recommended may be extended or reduced, then estimates for both the larger and smaller area are required. Otherwise the cutting area should be fixed and estimated by itself, without reference to other lands, whether in the same section or quarter section or not. Show the location of survey lines on the map, but the estimate sent in need not cover any land not in the cutting area. The estimate submitted with an application must be definitely located, so as to show differing local conditions. A large tract should be divided into compartments clearly marked by forest types or natural boundaries. Legal subdivisions are seldom useful. Compartments may be as small as changing conditions of forest of topography require, but should seldom be more than 160 acres in area. Large tracts will require separate estimates for each compartment. A tract of less than 160 acres will require but one estimate unless it contains more than one distinct forest type. Each estimate must refer by number to a compartment outlined and numbered on the map. (p. 43) Estimates must be for the kinds and sizes of timber actually applied for. Estimates for other kinds or other sizes will not answer. DESCRIPTION. A forest description on the form prescribed must be made for each proposed cutting area or compartment. Other facts should be added if necessary. Whenever the forest on different compartments requires different treatment, each should be described separately, and the terms of sale should provide for the needs of each compartment. RECOMMENDATIONS. Among the points to be covered are: Effect upon waterflow, possible profit in holding the timber for a future higher price, the need for the timber, the possibility or difficulty of getting it elsewhere, the reliability of the applicant, and the price which should be obtained. The latter is of great importance, especially in sales not requiring advertising, and should be decided not by custom or habit, but by the actual value of the timber as determined by its character, ease of logging, and distance from market. Timber on a gentle slope and near a mill or drivable stream may be worth more than twice as much as less accessible timber. The forest officer should find out the cost of marketing all material and recommend prices which will make it all about equally desirable. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (21 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] If the space for recommendations in the description blank is insufficient additional sheets may be used. The description of each one of several compartments on one tract must contain separate recommendations unless all compartments are to be handled alike. PREPARATION OF FORMAL APPLICATION. If the forest officer decides to recommend a sale he will explain to the applicant all the requirements of the regulations, and the special conditions for that particular sale. All points about the proposed cutting must be discussed fully before the application is made out. The following points must be considered, so far as they apply, and the forest officer will add others when necessary: (p. 44) 1. To what minimum breasthigh diameter should cutting be allowed? 2. Should seed trees be left; and if so, how many to the acre? 3. To what diameter in the tops should trees be utilized? 4. Should the brush be poled, and in what manner? 5. Should the purchaser clean up down timber not cut by him, burn brush, burn tops and lops, etc.? 6. How low should the stumps be (usually not higher than the tree is thick)? 7. Should felling be done with saws? 8. Should hewing be allowed except at skidways and openings? 9. During what months should cutting be allowed? (This depends on the danger of destructive insects breeding in freshly cut timber.) 10. What material may be used for skidways, road material, and camps, and should it be paid for? 11. Where should applicant be allowed to locate camps, roads, dams, etc.? 12. Should cutting be restricted to the smallest area possible, or may it be scattered over a large tract? In applications for dead timber the following points should also be considered: 1. Should all, or only standing, dead timber be taken? 2. Should all wood sound enough for fuel be taken? 3. Should all above a given size (what size?) be taken? (p. 45) 4. Should purchaser pile the unsound portions of down trees from which he uses the sound parts? Dead timber includes only timber, standing or down, which is actually dead, and in no case trees which are apparently dying. All evergreen trees having any green leaves are classed as living timber. Since deciduous trees, such as tamarack, and most hardwoods, have no foliage in winter, special care is needed to decide when they are dead. Trees dead at the top and green below, generally called spike-topped trees, are classed as living, and must never be cut under dead timber permits. The dead portion may, however, be scaled and charged for as dead timber. Except when specially agreed, the purchaser will not be required to cut timber which may die after the date of sale, or to dispose of unsound material which was sound at that time, unless reasonable diligence on his part would have prevented the loss. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (22 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] If the applicant agrees to the conditions as explained to him, a formal application is prepared according to the instructions given above for each class of sales. The quantity and location of timber described is based upon the forest officer's examination, and must agree with the map, estimate, and description. All conditions and restrictions to govern the cutting must also be included. APPLICATION FOR SALE OF TIMBER. Sale No. _____, _____ Forest Reserve. _____ hereby apply to purchase _____ located _____. _____ have forwarded to the Special Fiscal Agent at Washington, D. C., $_____, to be applied _____ and agree to pay, if this application is approved, _____. (p. 46) _____ further agree, should the sale be awarded _____, to cut and remove said timber in strict accordance with the following (and all other) regulations governing timber sales, now or hereafter prescribed by the Department of Agriculture: 1. No timber will be removed until it has been measured by forest officer. 2. No timber will be removed until it has been paid for. 3. Timber will be cut only on the area designated by the forest officer. 4. Double the contract price will be paid for any merchantable timber cut and left in the woods. 5. All merchantable timber used in buildings, skidways, bridges, road building, or other improvements, will be paid for at the contract price. 6. No unnecessary damage will be done to young growth, or to trees left standing. _____ further agree to comply with the following special conditions: 1. No living trees less than _____ inches in diameter at a point _____ feet from the ground will be cut. 2. Stumps will not be cut higher than _____ inches. 3. All trees cut will be used to a diameter of _____ inches in the tops. 4. Tops will be lopped and piled compactly at a safe distance from living trees _____. 5. All dead timber will be cut which is sound enough for _____. 6. Unless extension of time is granted, all timber will be cut and removed within _____ year-- from date of approval of sale. 7. _____. 8. _____. 9. _____. _____ further agree to furnish, if required, a satisfactory bond for faithful compliance with all of the above requirements. _____ _____. Approved, and sale granted under the above conditions. _____ _____. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (23 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Date _____ _____. (p. 47) MARKING AND CUTTING. When the sale of any green timber is assured, the supervisor will order the marking of all trees to be cut. This is imperative. Where only dead timber is purchased, and there is no danger that living timber will be cut, the forest officer may, instead of marking every tree, blaze and mark the boundary of the cutting area and instruct the purchaser in the manner of cutting. Standing timber must be marked with "U. S." marking hammer near the ground, so that every stump will show the mark. Where snow may conceal the marking from the cutters, each tree must also be marked at a point several feet from the ground. The officer in charge must see that the cutting is confined to the least possible area, and not scattered here and there over the entire tract. So far as practicable, all branches of the logging operations must keep pace with each other. Brush piling must never be allowed to fall behind the cutting and removal of logs, ties, and other material. The ground must be cleared as fast as the work proceeds. The best way to pile brush and refuse is not always the same, but the object is always to insure easy and clean burning as soon as possible, with the least injury to standing timber and seedlings. The piles should be compact and large enough to kindle easily and burn clean without repiling. When possible, they should not be nearer than 15 feet from standing green trees or dead trees having many branches or a covering of moss which might be ignited. Where the density of the standing timber makes this impracticable, openings should be made by the cutting or, if this cannot be done, the piling should be near the least valuable trees and where there is least danger of the fire spreading. SCALING All timber must be scaled by a forest officer before it is removed from the tract of from the points where it is agreed that scaling shall be done. Each stick of saw logs, timbers, poles, and lagging must be scaled separately. Rough averaging of diameters or lengths is not allowed. The Scribner rules will be used in all cases. (p. 48) Ties may be actually scaled, or reckoned as follows: Eight-foot ties, standard face, 33 1/3 feet B.M., each; 6-foot ties, standard face, 25 feet B.M., each. Shake and shingle-bolt material is measured by the cord. Squared timbers are scaled by their actual contents in board feet with no allowance for saw kerf. Thus, an 8 by 12 inch 16-foot stick contains 128 B.M. Unsound or crooked logs will be scaled down to represent the actual contents of merchantable material. All partially unsound but merchantable stuff must be scaled, whether removed or not. In ground-rotten timber, butts which, though unsound at the heart, contain good lumber toward the outside, are frequently left in the woods. Where such material will pay for sawing, the forest officer will scale it at what he considers its true value and include it in the amount purchased. Logs which are not round will be scaled on the average diameter; flats and lagging on the widest diameter. In the absence of a log rule, or where the position of logs in the pile makes its use difficult, the diameters and lengths may be tallied and the contents figured from a scale table later. When possible, the purchaser will be required to mark top ends of logs to avoid question when they are scaled to the pile. The forest officer should insist on having one end of piles or skidways even, so that the ends of logs may be easily reached. When the lengths of piled logs are hard to get, two men should work together. When scaled, each stick of saw logs, timbers, ties, lagging, posts, poles, or piles must be stamped with the United States 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (24 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] mark on at least one end, and on both when possible. Cord material, such as wood or bolts, must be stamped at both top and bottom of piles and at least 12 pieces in each cord must be stamped. All scaling is inside of bark. (p. 49) REPORTS OF TIMBER CUT Every forest officer who lays off a cutting area and marks or otherwise designates timber to be cut will notify the supervisor when he has done so and report the date when cutting actually begins. On the first and fifteenth day of every month while cutting is in progress he will report to the supervisor, upon the form provided, the amount of timber cut and the condition of the tract. These reports may be omitted when the work stops for some time, as in winter. They will be filed in the office of the supervisor. When the amount cut, as shown by them, reaches that covered by the first payment, whether a partial payment or in full, the supervisor will so notify the Forester upon the form provided. This statement will be independent of any possible further payment, even though a second deposit may be made before the timber covered by the first is cut. Every sale contract provided for a system of separate advance payments, either one or more. The Washington office wishes to know when the purchaser has received the amount of timber covered by each. When it is notified to this effect, and not before, the payment, which so far has been held as unofficial money, is covered into the Treasury. By this system the whole payment, if there is but one, and the one under which cutting is actually progressing, if there are more than one, is retained as unofficial money until the sale is complete, so that the purchaser may be reimbursed if he fails to secure the amount of timber paid for. (p. 49) SPECIAL OCCUPANCY PRIVILEGES. REG. 42. Hotels, stores, mills, summer residences, and similar establishments will be allowed upon reserve lands wherever the demand is legitimate and consistent with the best interests of the reserve. The use of tracts of not to exceed 2 acres for schools and 1 acre for churches is specifically provided for by law, subject to regulation by the Department and any other disposition of the land by the Government. Timber for the construction of church and school buildings may be secured under the free use and sales regulations. (See Appendix, p. 103.) (p. 50) REG. 43. Application for special occupancy privilege must be made to the supervisor, who will transmit it, with report and recommendation, to the Forester. The Forester may approve the application, with such restrictions as to area, time, terms, and surely as he may deem best, and may extend or renew any permit in his discretion. REG. 44. Any occupancy permit may be conditional, in the discretion of the Forester, upon the agreement of the applicant to pay a rental, not to exceed a stipulated amount, when called upon to do so. REG. 45. Occupancy under permit secures no right or claim against the United States, either to the land or to compensation for any improvements upon it, beyond the privileges conferred by the permit. REG. 46. Occupancy without a permit, or continued after violation of the terms of the permit, or 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (25 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] after its expiration, constitutes trespass. REG. 47. Permits to inclose and cultivate agricultural land within forest reserves may be granted by the Forester subject to the foregoing conditions, except that no single applicant will be permitted thus to occupy more than forty acres and that any permit may be revoked at any time. Application for a special occupancy permit should be made about as follows: I (or we), the undersigned, hereby apply for permission to occupy for a term of ---- years a tract of ---- acres situated (describe location), for the purpose of (state purpose), and to construct thereon (describe buildings and improvements necessary). The tract desired is (open, burned, timbered. If the latter, describe growth). There will be required to build improvements (approximate quantity, board measure) of (kind of timber; dead or living), to be taken from (if not from the tract, state from where). (p. 51) This privilege is desired because (state any pertinent facts). If this application is approved, I (or we) will execute an agreement to observe the regulations governing forest reserves and such special conditions as are required. (Signed) _____ _____ _______ (Post-office address.) Investigation will be made by a forest officer, who will fully explain to the applicant the regulations governing special occupancy privileges and make a written report covering the following points (nos. 6, 7, 8, and 10 may be omitted in case of school and church applications): 1. Size and location of tract involved, describing fully by reference to known points if unsurveyed and by legal subdivision if surveyed. 2. Title of land. If under claim, how and by whom? Can permit properly be given by the United States? 3. Character of land; whether suitable for the purpose desired. If timbered, describe the stand and name the species. 4. Existing improvements, if any. By whom made and may applicant properly use them? 5. If any reserve timber will be required for improvements should it be allowed free or by sale? (If free use permit or sale is necessary, examining officer should see that proper application is made and should transmit it with this report.) 6. State whether the desired privilege will involve monopoly of a location specially desirable for any purpose, or otherwise enable the applicant to hinder others in the use and enjoyment of the reserve. 7. If the Department should allow occupancy under lease only, what annual rental should be charged? 8. What is the applicant's reputation and financial standing? (p. 52) 9. Recommendations of the examining officer, with any other information required. 10. If approval is recommended, whether bond should be required and in what sum. 11. If the application is for a sawmill the report must cover these additional special considerations: 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (26 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] a. Kind and size of mill. Capacity and output. b. Kind of products to be manufactured. c. Source of timber to be sawed. d. Disposal of refuse. This report will be submitted to the supervisor, who will see that it is complete and will then forward it, with the application and his own recommendations, to the Forester for action. If the Forester approves the application, an agreement will be prepared in triplicate in the Washington office and forwarded for execution , one copy to be retained by the applicant, one by the supervisor, and one to be returned to the Forester. If bond is required it will accompany the agreement for execution. (p. 52) ROADS AND TRAILS. REG. 48. Wagon roads and trails may be constructed, changed, widened, extended, or repaired upon forest reserve lands when needed, but permit or right of way must first be secured. Permits will not give the right to exclusive use, or to charge toll, or against future disposal of the land by the United States. Applications must be made directly to the supervisor or through a ranger; never to the Washington office. Investigation will be made and all points will be fully discussed with the applicant, who should accompany the forest officer over the ground if required. An application upon the form prescribed, based upon the investigation and describing both the privilege sought and the conditions of its allowance, will then be filled out in duplicate by the forest officer and signed by the applicant. If a ranger is the examining officer, he will indorse both copies and forward them to the supervisor for action, together with a written report. (p. 53) REG. 49. Road districts, counties, or persons and noncommercial corporations which are entitled to the free use privilege may, in the discretion of the supervisor, be granted, with a permit for road or trail construction, the right to use not over $100 worth of timber free in such construction without prejudice to any application they may make in the same year for material for other purposes. If not more than $100 worth is necessary, but the applicant is not entitled to the free use privilege, he must buy the timber required under the regulations governing timber sales. REG. 50. All applications for road or trail construction involving the use of more than $100 worth of reserve timber must be submitted to the Forester for approval, with report and recommendations. He will also decide whether the timber may be used free or must be purchased. If not more than $100 worth of timber is to be used free, the supervisor's approval of the application makes it a permit, one copy of which is returned to the applicant and one kept in the supervisor's office. If not more than $100 worth of timber is to be sold for construction of the road, the sale is conducted by the supervisor, as usual. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (27 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] If more than $100 worth of timber is to be used, the supervisor will transmit both copies of the signed application to the Forester, accompanied by a report and his own recommendations. If the application is approved by the Forester, one copy signed by the applicant is retained in the Washington office, the other, which becomes a permit by the approval of the Forester, is returned to the applicant, and a third copy is made and sent to the supervisor. If the timber must be secured through purchase, a regular application must be sent to the Forester, together with the road application. If a supervisor or the Forester receives a formal signed application which must be modified before being approved, he will prepare and approve revised copies and return them for signature by the applicant. (p. 54) REG. 51. A county road established prior to the creation of the reserve may be changed, widened, or repaired by the county authorities without permit if the operations are within the right of way fixed for such roads by the State law. Any attempt to abuse this privilege, such as the unnecessary use of material or the leaving of dangerous refuse, should be forbidden, and if necessary, reported to the Forester for instructions. REG. 52. The use of material from outside the right of way, or the construction of new road, by a county, require a permit exactly as in the case of private individuals. In emergencies, however, supervisors or road districts, or others, may make any necessary immediate repairs without permit, making informal report to the nearest forest officer at their earliest opportunity. REG. 53. Roads for the benefit of mining claims, when outside their boundaries, are not considered as assessment work by the Department of the Interior, and can be built over reserve lands only under permit. Action or report upon an application for road or trail permits should take account of: 1. Location and length, to be shown by map. In important cases accurate survey and map must be furnished by applicant. 2. Title of land to be traversed. Show on map any patents or claims. 3. Character of forest reserve land involved; timbered, burned, or open. 4. Width of road and width which should be allowed to be cleared. Quantity, kind, and value of forest reserve timber to be cut in clearing. 5. Quantity, kind, and value of forest reserve timber, other than that necessarily cut in clearing, to be used in construction. 6. Should this timber be allowed free or be sold? (If sale application is necessary, it should accompany report to avoid delay.) 7. Necessity for the road or trail. (p. 55) 8. Possible injury to reserve or private interests. 9. Possible complications on account of private lands or prior rights of way. 10. Desirability of fixing a standard of excellence for the proposed road or trail. 11. Disposition of refuse. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (28 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] APPLICATION FOR RIGHT OF WAY PRIVILEGE. No. _____, _____ Forest Reserve. _____, the undersigned, hereby apply for permission to use a right of way for a _____ (road, ditch, or other right of way, stating width and length. Reservoir or tank site, stating area), located as shown on the attached map and described as follows: _____ (Describe the terminal points, direction and lands traversed, if right of way; the tract to be occupied, if dam, tan, or reservoir site), and to construct and maintain thereon a _____ (describe proposed improvement) for the purpose of _____ (object to be served or demand to be supplied. Show clearly whether enterprise is personal or commercial). _____ hereby certify that _____ have secured permission from all owners or claimants of any private lands or claims to be occupied in connection with the privilege sought, and that, to the best of _____ knowledge and belief, the privilege will not in any way involve interference with any legal or just right of other persons. _____ agree, should this application be approved, to comply with all regulations and instructions of the Department of Agriculture governing forest reserves, and with the following special conditions: 1. The forest reserve timber used in clearing for and establishing the _____will be taken _____ (from right of way or elsewhere. State whether through purchase.) 2. Only timber will be cut, except under permit, and no unnecessary damage will be done to young growth and trees left standing. 3. All cutting and disposition of refuse will be done by _____ under the direction of the forest officers. 4. _____ will pay the United States for any damage sustained by reason of _____ use and occupation of the forest reserve, regardless of the cause and circumstances under which such damage may occur. (p. 56) 5. _____ (Any further conditions required in the case). 6. _____. _____ further agree, if required, to give satisfactory bond for faithful compliance with all of the above requirements. (Signed) _____ _____, (Post-office address) Dated at _____, _____, 190_. Approved and permit granted for a period of _____. _____ _____. _____, 190_. (p. 56) CANALS, DITCHES, RESERVOIRS, ETC. REG. 54. Permits for canals, ditches, flumes, pipe lines, tunnels, dams, tanks, and reservoirs, not for 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (29 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] mining or municipal purposes, nor granting an easement, are under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture and should be applied for to the supervisor, as in the case of roads and trails. REG. 55. If the project is small and of a private and personal character--such as a reservoir, pipe line, or ditch to supply a few farms, or a tank to collect water for stock--and the supervisor is certain that there are no complications of title, nor prior and conflicting rights, he may approve application. If any large or commercial enterprise is involved, or if there is any question of conflicting rights or of the jurisdiction of the United States over the land, or of conflict with Federal, State, or Territorial laws controlling use and appropriation of water, the supervisor must transmit the application to the Forester for approval, together with report and recommendation. (p. 57) Permits granted under these regulations are only for the improvements necessary to store or conduct water and do not carry any right to the water itself, the appropriation of which is subject to Federal, State, or Territorial law. Action upon applications to construct or change reservoirs, dams, tanks, canals, ditches, flumes, pipe lines, and similar improvements for purposes other than mining and municipal, is practically the same as prescribed for roads and trails. Preliminary statement by the applicant will be followed by examination and report upon all of the following points: 1. If the application is for a reservoir, dam, etc., the location and area; if for a ditch, flume, etc., the length and direction. This must be shown by map. In important cases, accurate map and survey must be furnished by applicant. 2. Title of land to be occupied or traversed. Show by map any patents or claims. 3. Character of forest reserve land involved; whether timbered, burned, or open. 4. Width of ditch, canal, etc., and width which should be allowed to be cleared. Quantity, kind, and value of forest-reserve timber to be cut in clearing. 5. Quantity, kind, and value of forest reserve timber, other than that necessarily cut in clearing, to be used in construction.. 6. Should this timber be allowed free or through sale? (If free use or sale application is necessary, it should accompany report to avoid delay. 7. Disposition of refuse from cutting. 8. Source of water supply. 9. Applicant's right to use this water. This point should be fully discussed in the report, because, while a permit for improvements carries no water right, it is undesirable to grant a useless privilege or one which may unjustly impose upon others the necessity of protecting their rights. If the applicant has not an established water right, it should be clearly stated whether the stream involved is adequate at all seasons to supply all existing rightful claimants; whether only flood waters, which would otherwise be wasted, are to be used; whether in any way the desired privilege will be illegal or undesirable. (p. 58) 10. Necessity for the desired improvement. 11. Possible injury to reserve or private interests; as, for example, through damage to roads or trails, hindering the passage of stock, or discharging water where it will be a nuisance. 12. Possible complications on account of private lands or prior rights of way. These points should be fully discussed with the applicant and others concerned. An application upon the form prescribed , 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (30 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] based upon the investigation and describing the terms of the privilege, will then be filled out in duplicate and signed by the applicant, as in road and trail cases, and the procedure thereafter will be as prescribed in such cases, except in so far as the authority of the supervisor to approve the application is defined by Reg. 55. PRIVATE RAILROADS, TELEPHONE LINES, ETC. REG. 56. Permits for private railroads and tramroads and telegraph, telephone, and power lines may be granted only by the Forester. Applications may be made to the supervisor in the manner prescribed for road and trail applications. An accurate map of the proposed line must be supplied by the applicant. After investigation a formal application upon the right of way privilege blank, together with report similar to that required for road or trail applications, will be transmitted to the Forester by the supervisor. TRESPASS AND VIOLATIONS. I. -- CRIMINAL ACTION. REG. 57. Under authority given to the Secretary of Agriculture regarding forest reserves "to regulate their occupancy and use and to preserve the forests thereon from destruction," the following acts are hereby forbidden, and declared to constitute trespass punishable by fine and imprisonment: (See Appendix, p. 101.) (p. 59) (a) Grazing upon or driving across a forest reserve any live stock without a permit, except as otherwise allowed by regulation. (b) Placing any fence or inclosure upon a forest reserve without a permit, except upon land covered by a title or a valid claim. (c) Making settlement or squatting upon land within a forest reserve. (d) Building roads, trails, railways, or tramways, and constructing ditches, dams, canals, pipe lines, flumes, tunnels, or reservoirs without a permit, except upon land covered by a title or a valid claim. (e) Erecting or conducting telephone, telegraph, or power lines, hotels, stores, sawmills, power plants, or other structures, or manufacturing or business enterprises, or carrying on any kind of work, except according to law and forest reserve regulations, unless performed on patented land or land held under valid claim. (f) Willfully tearing down or defacing warning notices of the Forest Service. (g) Willfully destroying or damaging any property belonging to or used by the United States for forest reserve purposes. (h) Willfully setting on fire or causing to be set on fire any timber, brush, or grass within a forest reserve, or leaving or suffering fire to burn unattended near any timber or other inflammable material in a forest reserve. (p. 60) 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (31 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] The following trespasses are forbidden by specific acts of Congress and are punishable by fine and imprisonment: 1. Cutting, destroying, or removing timber or other forest products from land in a forest reserve without a permit, or without having a valid claim to the ground on which such timber or product grows, except the small quantities actually needed by transients while within forest reserves. (See Appendix, p. 117.) 2. Cutting, destroying, or removing more timber upon an unpatented claim within a forest reserve than is necessary for its proper working and actual development. 3. Cutting timber on one mining claim to be used in developing another, except when both belong to the same group and were located in good faith. (See Appendix, p. 129.) All forest officers have power to arrest without warrant any person whom they discover in the act of violating the forest reserve laws and regulations, or to swear out a warrant before a United States commissioner of the district in which such violation has been committed and use it as the visible sign of the right to arrest: and also to arrest for any such violation on a warrant obtained from a United States commissioner by any competent person. All forest officers are directed to be vigilant in discovering violations of forest reserve laws and regulations and diligent in arresting offenders, either on a warrant secured from a United States commissioner of the district or without such warrant when the offender is taken in the act of violating any forest reserve law or regulation. (p. 61) Any forest officer making an arrest must as soon as practicable take the offender before the nearest United States commissioner and thereafter stand ready to carry out any mandate of the commissioner relative to the custody of the prisoner. He will also at once inform the supervisor within whose jurisdiction the offense was committed. It shall be the duty of each supervisor promptly to inform the district attorney of any such arrest and to render him the fullest assistance in collecting evidence. Each supervisor will also keep the Forester fully informed of each arrest and of further steps in the prosecution. When a forest officer makes an arrest he will be reimbursed for the necessary expense incident to such arrest. When such expenses are incurred by a forest ranger her will be reimbursed through the supervisor. II. -- CIVIL ACTION. IN GENERAL. The United States has all the civil rights and remedies for trespass possessed by private individuals. If any forest officer discovers a trespass he will notify the trespasser, if possible, in the presence of a witness, to discontinue the same, taking care to note the hour, day, and place of notice. He will also report the facts immediately to the supervisor on the prescribed form, and when danger of removal or destruction is imminent will seize all material involved in the trespass and, if necessary, arrest the offender. Supervisors will report all cases of trespass to the Forester, setting forth the damage done or threatened, including the actual expense incurred in investigating the trespass. If the offer of settlement is not accepted, and the damage seems sufficient to warrant a civil suit, the supervisor will be directed by the Forester to place the case in the hands of the United States district attorney. Thereafter the supervisor will do all in his power to collect evidence for and assist the district attorney in the prosecution of the suit. He will also promptly inform the Forester of each step in the case. Forest officers may administer oaths in securing testimony under this regulation. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (32 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (p. 62) INJUNCTION. An injunction may be obtained to restrain trespass on forest reserves. DAMAGES. Civil actions may also be brought to recover damages caused by any trespass or breach of contract. Damages recovered in such actions are in addition to and exclusive of criminal penalties. COMPROMISE. The Secretary of Agriculture has no power to compromise criminal cases, and "a proposition of settlement submitted with the understanding that, if accepted, criminal proceedings for the trespass will be waived will be rejected." SETTLEMENT. The Secretary of Agriculture has power to settle with any trespasser for the actual civil damages of such trespass. The rule for measure of damages for timber cut without permit is as follows: When the trespass is willful, the value of the timber where found; when unintentional, the stumpage value only. Forest officers will notify trespassers that they may make, upon the prescribed form, offers of settlement to accompany their reports, but no such offer will be considered unless the amount offered in settlements is remitted by postal or express money order or national bank draft on New York to the Special Fiscal Agent, Forest Service, Washington, D. C. (p. 63) PUNITIVE DAMAGES. When trespass can be shown to be of a malicious nature, or due to such negligence as implies malice "or a reckless indifference to the rights of the Government," especially when a person trespasses after his attention has been called to the nature of the trespass, punitive damages may be recovered "notwithstanding the act constitutes an offense punishable under the criminal statutes." STRUCTURES WRONGFULLY PLACED ON FOREST RESERVES. When any structure is erected upon forest reserve land without a permit, it becomes the property of the United States immediately upon its construction. (p. 63) PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. Probably the greatest single benefit derived by the community and the nation from forest reserves is insurance against the destruction of property, timber resources, and water supply by fire. The direct annual loss from this source on unprotected lands reaches many millions of dollars; the indirect loss is beyond all estimate. The burden of adequate protection can not well be borne by the State or by its citizens, much as they have to gain, for it requires great outlay of money to support a trained and equipped force, as well as to provide a fund to meet emergencies. Only the Government can do it, and, since the law does not provide effective protection for the public domain only in forest reserves can the 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (33 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Government give the help so urgently needed. (p. 64) Through its watchful fire patrol the Forest Service guards the property of the resident settler and miner, and preserves the timber and water supply upon which the prosperity of all industries depends. The help it can give to the development of the West may be greatly increased by the cooperation of citizens. Destructive forest fires are not often set willfully, but far too commonly they result from failure to realize that carelessness will be followed by injury and distress to others. The resident or the traveler in forest regions who takes every precaution not to let fire escape, and who is active in extinguishing fires which he discovers, contributes directly to the development and wealth of the country and to the personal safety and profit of himself and his neighbors. He who does not, assumes a great responsibility by endangering not only his own welfare but that of countless others. Citizens' fire brigades have been organized successfully on many reserves. Not only is the prevention of fire to the interest of all property owners, but men under obligation to fight fire because they hold permits will profit greatly by any means of reducing the work which they may be called upon to do. An organization which will put out a fire before it gathers headway may save them many days' hard work. A good leader should be chosen to direct the work and to communicate with the forest officers. The local ranger should keep this leader informed of his movements as far as practicable, so that no time need be lost. Care with small fires is the best preventive of large ones. The following simple regulations may easily be observed by all: (p. 65) REG. 58. Camp fires must not be larger than necessary. REG. 59. Fires must not be built in leaves, rotten wood, or other places where they are likely to spread. REG. 60. Fires must not be built against large or hollow logs, where it is difficult to be sure when they are completely out. REG. 61. In windy weather and in dangerous places, camp fires must be confined in holes, or by clearing all vegetable matter from the ground around them. REG. 62. A fire must never by left, even for a short absence, before it is completely extinguished. Officers of the Forest Service, especially forest rangers, have no duty more important than protecting the reserves from forest fires. During dry and dangerous periods all other work should be subordinate. Most careful attention should be given to the prevention of fires. Methods and equipment for fighting them should be brought to the highest efficiency. No opportunity should be lost to impress the fact that care with small fires is the best way to prevent large ones. The reserves must be thoroughly posted with fire warnings. The fact that some of them are destroyed is no excuse for neglecting this important duty. Often the warning notices can be posted on or near signboards along trails, or notices of reserve boundaries, limits of districts, or excluded parts in grazing ranges, etc. The destruction of these notices is willful trespass, punishable by law. Forest officers should cheerfully and politely tell hunters, campers, and others about the rules and regulations governing camp fires. An officer who loses his temper or uses improper language in talking with persons who are careless because 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (34 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] they do not know about the rules, or have no experience in camping, fails in one of his principal duties. He should call their attention to the mistake and instruct them courteously in the proper way of building and handling fires. (p. 66) REG. 63. Lumbermen and settlers within forest reserves are cautioned against making dangerous slashings, and must not fire them in very dry weather. If it is necessary to make slashings, or to burn them, ample notice must always be given the nearest forest officer before burning, so that he may take steps to reduce the danger to the minimum. If notice is not given, or if the ranger's instructions are not followed, the person responsible for the burning will be held strictly responsible for all damage to the reserve, and liable, in aggravated cases, to criminal prosecution. There is no desire to hamper the work of settlers and lumbermen, nor to limit the rights of property holders, but it is not just that other forests and improvements, whether owned privately or by the Government, should be endangered by carelessness. The utmost tact and vigilance should be exercised where settlers are accustomed to use fire in clearing land. Public sentiment is rightly in sympathy with home builders and the control of their operations should give the least possible cause for resentment and impatience with the reserve administration, but it should be exercised firmly none the less. Settlers should be shown the injury to their own interests, as well as to the public, which results from forest fires. Methods and times of burning should be discussed with them and, if possible, an amicable agreement secured to have no burning except when authorized by the forest officer and when he is present. But while the aim ought always to be toward cooperation and good will, it is equally important to have it well understood that reserve interests will be protected by every legal means. Where any tendency to ignore instructions is observed, notice must be given that action will be brought for any damage sustained by the United States and that willful negligence will be prosecuted criminally. If this is ignored and damage does result prosecution must be prompt and vigorous. Where there is sufficient reason to anticipate danger, as from a large slashing which it is announced will be burned at a dangerous time, injunction may be secured. (p. 67) Similar means should be employed when reserves are endangered by railroads or logging operations on private lands, and prompt report of such conditions should be made to the Forester. FIRE LAWS AND PENALTIES. There is ample legal provision for the punishment of malice or carelessness with fires. The act of June 4, 1897, instructs the Secretary in charge of forest reserves to make provisions for their protection against fire, and provides for the punishment of any violation of his regulations. The act of May 5, 1900, prescribes a maximum fine of $1,000, or one year's imprisonment, or both, for building a fire and leaving it before it is totally extinguished. Any officer of the Forest Service may arrest violators of these laws. The fire laws of any State or Territory are applicable to forest reserves within its boundaries and the United States has recourse to them whenever necessary. The United States may also bring civil action to recover damages caused by fire, no matter how it was set. It is not necessary to prove malice, or even carelessness, or that the fire was set upon Government land. Any person responsible in any way for injury to Government property is liable for the actual damage. PATROL. Each supervisor is responsible for the patrol of his reserve, and will devise systems best suited to the locality. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (35 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (p. 68) Every ranger or guard must go to and fight every fire he sees or hears of at once, unless he clearly can not reach it, or is already fighting another fire. If he can not reach it, or is already fighting another fire. If he can not put it out alone, he must get help. The fact that it may not be on his district has no bearing unless he is certain another ranger is there already. Rangers on fire-patrol duty should avoid spending time and work in places or along routes where there is little danger or small outlook. Hours spent or miles ridden are in themselves small indications of efficient patrol. Often a short trip to a commanding point is better than a long ride through a wooded valley. During dry and dangerous periods the selection of headquarters, camping places, and routes should be made with the single object of preventing and discovering fires. Fires caused by lightning are not rare, especially in dry mountain regions. After every electric storm a special effort is needed to locate and extinguish any such fires before they are well under way. HOW TO FIGHT FIRE. When once a fire has spread over an acre or more, especially where much dead and down material makes it very hot, it may be so far beyond the control of one man that it is best to leave it and get help. The character and condition of the woods, the weather, and even the time of day, have so much to do with such cases that general directions have little value and all depends upon the experience and good judgment of the ranger. Generally, it may be said that the best tools for fighting fire are the shovel, mattock, and ax. The ranger should always carry at least shovel and ax during all the dangerous season. In damp, heavy timber usually travels slowly, and a few men, if persistent, can keep it in check by trenching, even though they may not extinguish it, and must continue the watch until rain falls. (p. 69) In dry, open woods fire travels faster, and it is often best to go some distance to the most open and clean ground, and back fire from there. In handling back fires great care is needed to avoid useless burning; therefore, they should never be set except by forest officers, unless in great emergencies. The night or the early morning hours are the best time to work, whenever any choice of time exists, for nearly all forest fires die down more or less during the cool of the night and flare up again during the heat of the day. Following are several general principles to be borne in mind: (a) Protect the valuable timber rather than the brush or waste. (b) Never leave a fire, unless driven away, until it is put out. (c) Young saplings suffer more than old mature timber. (d) A surface fire in open woods, though not dangerous to old timber, does great harm by killing seedlings. (e) A fire rushes up hill, crosses a crest slowly, and is more or less checked in traveling down. Therefore, if possible, use the crest of the ridge and the bottom as lines of attack. (f) A good trail, a road, a stream, an open park, check the fire. Use them whenever possible. (g) Dry sand or earth thrown on a fire is usually as effective as water and easier to get. (h) A little thinking often saves labor and makes work successful. Ill-planned efforts suggested by haste and excitement rarely lead to success. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (36 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (p. 70) ACTION AND REPORT. Small fires, extinguished without difficulty by the officer who discovers them, may be reported at the end of the month. The supervisor should be notified at once of large ones which require help from residents or other rangers, purchase of supplies, or attendance for several days. But if help is needed, the forest officer on the ground should get it at once. He should hire men and messengers, if necessary, send for supplies, and notify the supervisor of the action taken. The supervisor will furnish any further help needed and telegraph the Forester if special authorization is required. In reporting upon fires, three classes should be distinguished, as follows: (a) Camp fires and other small fires covering not more than a few square rods. (b) Small forest fires, extinguished without any extra help or expense and generally not covering over 5 acres. (c) Large fires, requiring extra help and expense. Those of the first two classes may be included in one report at the end of the month. Give the number and location of each, with such information as to course and damage as seems necessary or is required by general instructions from the supervisor. Fires of the last class should be reported on separately. Cover all of the following points: 1. Location. 2. Damage done. (a) Number of acres burned over. (b) Number of acres of merchantable timber burned. (c) Number of feet B. M. of: (1) Green timber destroyed. (2) Dry timber destroyed. (d) Value of all timber destroyed. 3. Probable cause. 4. By whom was fire discovered? 5. When was it discovered? 6. When was it brought to notice of forest officer? 7. When was the work of checking the fire begun? 8. When was the work finished? (p. 71) 9. How many extra men were employed? 10. Cost of fire: (a) For help (outside of rangers) 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (37 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] (b) For materials, tools, etc. (c) Total cost. EXPENDITURES FOR FIGHTING FIRE. Every forest supervisor is authorized, in person or through a subordinate, to hire temporary men, purchase material and supplies, and pay for their transportation from place to place to extinguish a fire; but when it is evident that the expense is liable to be over $300, he must at once telegraph the Forester for instructions to incur the additional expense. No expense for fighting a fire outside a reserve must be incurred unless the fire threatens it. Any person paid for services at a fire must sign a subvoucher for the amount received, to be transmitted with the supervisor's regular monthly account for the month in which the expense is incurred. Full directions for preparing accounts are printed on the back of all vouchers. Government employees and person having grazing or other permits within a forest reserve are not entitled to compensation for fighting fire. While the government is anxious to prevent and fight fires, only a limited amount of money can be devoted to this purpose. Experience has proved that usually a reasonable effort only is justified, and that a fire which can not be controlled by 20 to 40 men will run away from 100 or even more men, since heat and smoke in such cases make a direct fight impossible. Extravagant expenditures will not be tolerated. Fires are sometimes started for the sake of a job. In and about every reserve it is possible to enlist the cooperation of the better citizens, so that in time of need enough men of the right kind will be on hand. A crowd of men hastily gathered about a town without organization, interest, or experience, is valuable only as a last resort in extreme need. (p. 72) PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. The forest officers will devote all time that can be spared from other work to building and keeping open roads and trails, to making other permanent improvements, and to study and mapping of the forest. Supervisors will use every opportunity to work on a permanent system of roads and trails in their reserves. Whenever they can be spared and weather permits, rangers should be assigned to trail and cabin work. No work of importance should be done without careful previous location, approved by the supervisor, who is responsible not only for the work, but for economy in doing it. Cabins and fenced pastures should be established wherever they are needed. Reasonable construction expenses will be allowed; but supervisors will be held strictly responsible for the selection of locations with the single object of improving the service. Abandoned settlers' improvements may often be used. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (38 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Progress reports upon all improvement work will be required by the supervisor, who will also from time to time inform the Forester of results. Before any expense beyond the labor of the reserve force is incurred, unless to meet an emergency, previous authority must be secured from the Forester. the need and cost of the proposed improvement and its exact location must always be stated. MARKING RESERVE BOUNDARIES. For the benefit of the public and of the reserves, forest officers will do their utmost to see that all boundaries are established and clearly marked. All forest supervisors will be supplied with boundary posters, with stamps and ink for filling the spaces left on each poster for the name of the reserve and boundary on which the notice is posted. They will see that the reserve limits are kept amply marked, not only at the entrance of trails and roads, but at frequent intervals along the entire boundary where any entrance is probable. There should be at least one notice to each mile where grazing or timber trespass is likely to occur. (p. 73) Every notice posted must bear the name of the reserve and the proper boundary. If it is desirable to indicate the latter otherwise than by "North," "South," "East," or "West," combinations of initials such as "NW." or "SE." may be made. Where the forest officers cannot locate the boundaries of their reserve with sufficient accuracy, or the lines of interior claims or holdings of any kind, the Forester should be informed, in order that proper surveys may be secured. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS UPON FOREST RESERVES. It is the policy of the Forest Service to conduct within forest reserves useful work and investigations outside the ordinary work of the reserve, such as the examination of lands proposed to be excluded from or taken into a reserve, the study of commercial trees, the preparation of maps and working plans for conservative lumbering, and the establishment of nurseries and planting of trees. Such work will usually be done by or under the supervision of forest inspectors, but the local force will assist and cooperate with them as far as possible without interference with their regular duties. FIELD AND OFFICE EQUIPMENT. When they are needed for the good of the service, every supervisor will be furnished with the following articles for use by himself and distribution among his subordinates. List A. For supervisor's office: Desk. Chairs. Filing case. Map case. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (39 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] Typewriter and stand. Drawing instruments. Compasses and tripods. Surveyor's chains and pins. (p. 74) Calipers. Tally boards. Magnifying glasses. Stationery and office supplies. Steel tape (50-foot). Planimeter. Scribes. Bark blazer. United States flag. For rangers and guards: Marking hatchets. Log rules. Tents (7 by 9). Pocket compasses. Badges. Stationery. List B. For supervisors office: Ink and mucilage. Drafting board and trestle. Drawing paper and linen. For general reserve work: Axes, shovels, saws, hammers, drills, and other necessary tools. Lumber, glass, nails, bolts, powder, and other necessary construction materials. Articles in list A will be shipped by the Washington office upon receipt and approval of requisition in proper form. Those is List B may be purchased by the supervisor from local dealers upon permission from the Forester the form of definite instruction and authorization. There must be no requisitions or purchase of unnecessary supplies, and purchases must be at the lowest available price. Any equipment not mentioned in the above lists and which is necessary in the proper performance of their duty must be furnished by forest officers at their own expense. (p. 75) SUPERVISORS' ACCOUNTS. PAY VOUCHERS. 1905 Use Book file:///H|/USFSCOLL/Website - New/usfscoll/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_Use_Book.htm (40 of 80) [1/16/2002 12:45:36 PM] All pay vouchers of forest supervisors, rangers, and guards must be prepared, signed, and certified in duplicate upon Form No. 3. Supervisors will not certify their own pay vouchers, since they are certified in the office of the Forester. They will certify their subordinates' pay vouchers when the number of days for which payment is claimed is correct. When the number of days' service claimed is no
Pinchot, Gifford
Also available online at: http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/publications/1905_Use_Book/1905_use_book.pdf
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/877 DNO-0001-NationalForest1905UseBook.pdf
History of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest / submitted to the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, September 25, 1980 ; by Charles S. Peterson, Linda E. Speth, Utah State University
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Wasatch National Forest (Utah and Wyo.); Forest reserves--Utah--HIstory; Forest reserves--United States--History;
A History of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest / submitted to the Wasatch-Cache National Forest, September 25, 1980 ; by Charles S. Peterson, Linda E. Speth, Utah State University. The history of the forest falls into two major periods. The first, of what might be called the formative years, lasted 1903 until perhaps the mid 1930s although the cutoff date is not precise. Grazing, watershed and timber, probably in that order, dominated the forest's programs during that period. Although some remarkable scientific achievements may be noted, this was clearly the era of the practical horseback ranger whose great strengths lay in what may be called "grass-roots wisdom and homespun diplomacy. The second period was launched with a great upsurge as weather conditions, the national mood and the economy brought new programs in the New Deal years. With urbanism, affluence and growing consciousness of environmental problems to fuel them, the programs of the forest have generally maintained their momentum in the years since. Recreation and environmental themes have replaced the earlier emphasis upon grazing and timber.
A HISTORY OF THE WASATCH-CACHE NATIONAL FOREST
Peterson, Charles S.; Speth, Linda E;
13383081 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/878 DNO-HistoryWasatch-CacheNationalForest.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Wasatch National Forest (Utah and Wyo.); Utah; United States;
Cache National Forest Inspection, July 16-29, 1910
Letter to the District Forester regarding an inspection of Cache National Forest, July 16-29, 1910.
Fenn, H. E.
1002894 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/879 DNO-R4-1680-2009-0055InspectionReport1910.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest;
20th century; 1910-1919;
Correspondence between Supervisor of Cache National Forest and Logan City Over Clean Water Concerns
2634223 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/880 DNO-R-4-1680-2009-0042-001CorrespondenceCleanWaterConcerns1909.pdf
Report on a Proposed Addition to the Cache National Forest, Summarized from Reports by R.V.R. Reynolds, Forest Assistant, 1908. and William Winter, Forest Assistant, 1909
Report on a Proposed Addition to the Cache National Forest, Summarized from Reports by R.V.R. Reynolds, Forest Assistant, 1908. and William Winter, Forest Assistant, 1909.
Reynolds, R.V.R.; Winter, William;
2222848 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/881 DNO-R4-1680-2009-0042-007ReportsByReynoldsAndWinter19081909.pdf
Petition to add land to Cache National Forest, Woodruff, Rich County, Utah
Petition to add land to Cache National Forest, Woodruff, Rich County, Utah.
222411 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/882 DNO-R-4-1680-2009-0042-001PetitionToExpandForestReserve1909.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; United States; Woodruff (Utah); Rich County (Utah); Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest;
Report for Forest Atlas, Cache National Forest, Utah and Idaho
Clark?
1878741 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/883 DNO-R4-1680-92-0087-02ReportForForestAtlas.pdf
Part of Inspection Report on the Cache National Forest
Part of Inspection Report on the Cache National Forest, March 3, 1909.
Imes, R. P.;
1154803 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/884 DNO-R4-1680-2009-0055InspectionReport1909.pdf
Inspection Report on Cache National Forest
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--Reports;
Inspection Report on Cache National Forest by L.F. Kneipp, Assistant Forester. April 8, 1909.
Kneipp, L.F.
690848 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/885 DNO-R4-1680-2009-0055InspectionAndGrazingReport1909.pdf
Pasture, Right of--Utah--United States;
A Cattle and Horse Grazing Permit issued by the Department of the Interior General Land Office to J. M. Theurer of Providence, Utah.
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Unprocessed Manuscript Collection;
Image;StillImage;
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/898 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd05.pdf
Survey of the Waters of the Cache National Forest, Utah, April 1935
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Logan River (Utah)--Surveys; River surveys--Utah; Blacksmith Fork (Utah)--Surveys; Little Bear River--Surveys;
A Survey of the Waters of the Cache National Forest, Utah by C.J.D. Brown, Temporary Biologist, April 1935.
Brown, C. J. D.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/945 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd24.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; United States; Cache County (Utah); Cache Valley (Utah and Idaho); Logan Canyon (Utah); Blacksmith Fork Canyon (Utah); Blacksmith Fork (Utah); Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest;
20th century; 1930-1939;
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 1
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--History;
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 1. Compiled by Ralph B. Roberts, District Forest Ranger, Preston, January - April, 1968.
Roberts, Ralph B.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1248 SCAMSS0491Bx007Vol01-001.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Grazing--Utah; Animal industry--Utah--Cache National Forest; Forest reserves--Utah;
The Cache Grazing Resources, third of a series of Know Your Forest News Stories contributed to the Journal by local Forest Officers.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1255 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd21-016.pdf
20th century; 1940-1949;
Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: Robert Byram
Report submitted by R. C. Anderson titled: Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others. Includes receipts and profits in early days compared to present (1940s) conditions.
Anderson, R. C.
Bryam, Robert
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1259 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-004.pdf
The Cache Playground, fourth of a series of Know Your Forest News Stories contributed to the Journal by local Forest Officers.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1265 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd21-006.pdf
The Cache Water Supply, second of a series of Know Your Forest News Stories contributed by local Forest Officers.
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives,Scott Bushman Collection Collection;
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1271 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd21-011.pdf
Cover letter submitted to the Forest Supervisor by A. G. Nord
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Cover letters;
Nord, A. G.
2360333 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1273 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd28-010.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Timber--Utah; Timber--Idaho; Forests and forestry--Utah; Forests and forestry--Idaho;
Story of Native Timber and Scrubs from a talk given before the Kiwanis Club by Mr. David S. Tracy at the Ben Lomond Hotel.
Tracy, David S.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1276 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd29.pdf
Ecological Report on the Cache National Forest
Ecological Report on the Cache National Forest submitted by a District Forester
Aldous, Alfred E.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1315 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd15.pdf
Cover letter for the resume of John T. Mathews
Cover letter for the resume of John T. Mathews, Assistant Forest Supervisor
Mathews, John T.
2338436 Bytes
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1317 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd28-005.pdf
Newspaper Scrapbook of Cache National Forest
<a href="/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29--United+States%3B+Grazing--Utah%3B+Sheep--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B+Sheep--Utah%3B+Sheep--Idaho%3B+Timber--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B+Timber--Idaho%3B+Timber--Utah%3B+Forest+reserves--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B+Forest+reserves--Utah%3B+Forest+reserves--Idaho%3B+Forestry+law+and+legislation--Utah%3B+Forestry+law+and+legislation--Idaho%3B+Forestry+law+and+legislation--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B+Forestry+projects--Idaho%3B+Forestry+projects--Utah%3B+Forestry+projects--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B+Forests+and+forestry--Idaho%3B+Forests+and+forestry--Utah%3B+Forests+and+forestry--Cache+National+Forest+%28Utah+and+Idaho%29%3B">Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Grazing--Utah; Sheep--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Sheep--Utah; Sheep--Idaho; Timber--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Timber--Idaho; Timber--Utah; Forest reserves--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Forest reserves--Utah; Forest reserves--Idaho; Forestry law and legislation--Utah; Forestry law and legislation--Idaho; Forestry law and legislation--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Forestry projects--Idaho; Forestry projects--Utah; Forestry projects--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Forests and forestry--Idaho; Forests and forestry--Utah; Forests and forestry--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho);
Scrapbook containing newspaper clippings referring to the Cache National Forest, between 1905 and 1920. Clippings created in response to a letter requesting that : "clip and mail printed statements and editorials, favorable or unfavorable, which may appear in your region bearing on forest administration and policy. This will help to keep the Washington office in close touch with public sentiment, which is most desirable at all times. The name, place of publication,and date of Issue of the paper should either be noted upon the clipping itself or attached to it."
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1408 SCAMSS0491Bx006Fd04.pdf
19th century; 20th century;
Report to the Forest Supervisor submitted by R. C. Anderson, Forest Ranger, regarding a sheep and cattle operator named J. W. Thornley of Kaysville, Utah. Information about the early livestock industry and stockmens' attitudes toward the forest reserves.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1412 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd28-001.pdf
Memorandum for Forest Supervisor sent by Fred Sargent regarding additional data submitted by Elmer S. Merrill, supplemental to previously distributed memorandums.
Sargent, Fred
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1415 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd25-094.pdf
Flood Control on the Cache National Forest
Flood control--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States;
Rough draft of a paper titled: Flood Control on the Cache National Forest
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1419 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd27.pdf
20th century; 1940-1949; 1930-1939;
Memorandum for All Rangers sent by Max E. Cluff regarding the historical writeup of the Cache National Forest.
Cluff, Max W.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1421 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd25-096.pdf
Memo sent January 21, 1941 to Forest Supervisors regarding I Circular No. 94 (published January 4, 1941) and signed by W.B. Rice.
Rice, W. B.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1423 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd28-004.pdf
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 3
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 3. Compiled by Ralph B. Roberts, District Forest Ranger, Preston, January - April, 1968.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1662 SCAMSS0491Bx007Vol03.pdf
20th century; 1960-1969;
Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: William Sorensen
Sorensen, William
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1666 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-010.pdf
Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: Henry Peterson
Peterson, Henry
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/1670 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-007.pdf
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 2
History of Cache National Forest, Volume 2. Compiled by Ralph B. Roberts, District Forest Ranger, Preston, January - April, 1968.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2137 SCAMSS0491Bx007Vol02-001.pdf SCAMSS0491Bx007Vol02-234.pdf
Historical Data on Grazing in Intermountain Region as Obtained from Original Users and Others: M. Stewart Marriott
Marriott, M. Stewart
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2141 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd26-001.pdf
Report on a Proposed Addition to the Cache National Forest
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--Photographs; Basins (Geology)--Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--Photographs;
Report on a Proposed Addition to the Cache National Forest by William Winter. Received by the Forest Service, Cache National Forest in Logan, Utah, on November 13, 1909.
Winter, William
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Scott Bushman Collection, Historical Data 1903-1932
Text; Image;StillImage;
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2151 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd11-016.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Cache County (Utah); Box Elder Creek (Utah); Caribou County (Idaho); Morgan County (Utah); Rich County (Utah); Franklin County (Idaho); Bear Lake County (Idaho); Weber County (Utah);
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Monte Cristo Range (Utah); Woodruff Creek; Ogden River; Water conservation--Utah;
Report on T8N, R4E, S. L. M. regarding its timber and its effect on the water supply in Ogden Utah.
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Monte Cristo Range (Utah); Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest;
Instructions for Examination and Report on New Forests, Additions to, and Eliminations from Existing Forests
Chapman, C.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2168 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd10.pdf
Favorable Report on the Proposed Topaz Addition to Bear River Forest Reserve Idaho
Wilson, Robert Burns
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2182 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd07.pdf
Report on the Mink Creek Watershed Bear River Forest Reserve
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Mink Creek (Idaho)--Report;
Report on the Mink Creek Watershed Bear River Forest Reserve.
Oman, A. E.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2190 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd08.pdf
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho); Utah; Idaho; United States; Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest; Mink Creek (Idaho);
Report on Proposed Eliminations, Cache National Forest
Rothery, J. E.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2197 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd12.pdf
Reports on the North Creek, Big Creek, Mink Creek, and Cub Creek watersheds
Copies of Reports prepared by A. E. Oman on the North Creek, Big Creek, Mink Creek, and Cub Creek watersheds sent to J. F. Squires from E. A. Sterling.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2205 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd06.pdf
Logan Canyon (Utah)--United States;
Hansen, A. J.
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2211 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd22.pdf
Names of National Forests with Their Origin, Definition, or Derivation
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)--United States; Forest reserves--United States;
Names of National Forests with Their Origin, Definition, or Derivation compiled in the Office of Geography, Washington.
Office of Geography
http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/regreening/id/2224 SCAMSS0491Bx001Fd14.pdf